YY1 expression and biological role in the human reproductive system

The transcription factor Yin Yang 1 (YY1) is a multifunctional regulator of gene expression involved in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes. In recent years, increasing attention has been paid to its role in the human reproductive system; however, available data remain fragmented and require systematic analysis. This review summarizes current experimental and clinical evidence regarding YY1 expression and biological functions in both the female and male reproductive systems. In the female reproductive system, YY1 is involved in regulating folliculogenesis and oocyte maturation, early embryonic development, implantation, and placentation. Its role in modulating trophoblast invasiveness and immune properties, as well as in the formation of the maternal-placental interface, has been demonstrated. Dysregulation of YY1 expression is associated with gestational complications such as recurrent pregnancy loss and preeclampsia. A separate section of the review addresses the role of YY1 in the pathogenesis of gynecological malignancies, including ovarian, cervical, and endometrial cancers, where YY1 contributes to the regulation of tumor growth, invasion, cancer stem cell-related properties, as well as sensitivity to anticancer therapy. In the male reproductive system, YY1 plays a key role in spermatogenesis, maintenance of spermatogonial stem cell function, and meiotic progression. In addition, YY1 has been reported to play a role in the molecular mechanisms underlying prostate cancer progression and the development of resistance to apoptosis and pharmacological treatments. Overall, YY1 represents a central regulatory node in reproductive processes in both physiological and pathological conditions. Further investigation assessing YY1-related molecular mechanisms may facilitate development of novel diagnostic markers and targeted therapeutic strategies in reproductive medicine and oncogynecology.

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