Внеклеточные везикулы в диагностике и прогнозировании злокачественных новообразований женской репродуктивной системы: современные данные и перспективы

Злокачественные новообразования женской репродуктивной системы остаются серьезной проблемой глобального здравоохранения, занимая одно из ведущих мест в структуре онкологической заболеваемости и смертности среди женщин. Несмотря на достижения в области онкогинекологии, ранняя диагностика и прогнозирование исходов заболевания по-прежнему представляют значительные трудности. В последние годы внеклеточные везикулы (ВВ), включая экзосомы, микровезикулы и апоптотические тельца, привлекли внимание исследователей как важные посредники межклеточной коммуникации и носители биологически активных молекул. ВВ транспортируют микроРНК, длинные некодирующие РНК, белки и другие молекулы, влияющие на ключевые процессы канцерогенеза, такие как пролиферация, ангиогенез, метастазирование и развитие химиорезистентности. В обзоре представлены актуальные данные о роли ВВ в патогенезе и прогрессировании рака шейки матки, эндометрия и яичников. Рассмотрены диагностические и прогностические возможности биомолекулярных компонентов ВВ, продемонстрированы результаты доклинических и клинических исследований, подчеркивающие потенциал этих биомаркеров. Обсуждаются перспективы применения ВВ в клинической практике, включая вызовы стандартизации методик и необходимость мультицентровых исследований для подтверждения их клинической ценности. Также отмечена важность интеграции омических технологий и биоинформатических подходов для более точной стратификации пациенток и персонализации терапии.

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