Fetal systemic inflammatory response syndrome, thromboinflammation and neonatal septic shock: pathogenesis, diagnostics and treatment

The article is dedicated to outlining the pathogenic mechanisms, diagnostic criteria, and treatment of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), thromboinflammation, and septic shock in fetuses and newborns. SIRS is a body hyperreaction to external stress involving biologically active molecules, cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL) IL-1 so that a balance between inflammation and adaptive mechanisms becomes altered. Special attention is paid to fetal inflammatory response syndrome (FIRS). Here, we describe the broad impact of FIRS targeting vital organs and systems. The challenges in diagnosing and treating septic shock in newborns are discussed, highlighting a crosstalk between inflammation and hemostasis. Despite progress in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying FIRS and sepsis, some obstacles in developing effective therapeutic strategies remain. This underscores a need for conducting targeted research to reduce morbidity and mortality related to thromboinflammation and septic shock.

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