Роль нанотехнологий в диагностике и лечении злокачественных новообразований женской репродуктивной системы

Введение. Благодаря повышению точности обнаружения, эффективности лечения и минимизации побочных эффектов, нанотехнологии могут способствовать улучшению диагностики и лечения пациентов со злокачественными новообразованиями (ЗНО) женской репродуктивной системы.

Цель: обобщить современные литературные данные и оценить роль нанотехнологий в лечении рака шейки матки (РШМ), рака яичников (РЯ), рака эндометрия (РЭ) и выявить пробелы, требующие проведения дальнейших исследований.

Материалы и методы. Поиск проводился в электронных базах данных PubMed/MEDLINE, Google Scholar и еLibrary по следующим ключевым словам: «гинекологический рак», «таргетная терапия», «рак шейки матки», «рак яичников», «рак эндометрия», «нанотехнологии», «наночастицы», «gynecologic cancer», «targeted therapy», «cervical cancer», «ovarian cancer», «endometrial cancer», «nanotechnology», «nanoparticles». Все работы были опубликованы в период с 2011 по 2024 гг.

Результаты. Системы доставки лекарств на базе наноносителей представляют собой перспективный подход в лечении онкозаболеваний женской репродуктивной системы, обеспечивая точную доставку препаратов непосредственно к опухолевым клеткам. Такие системы, включащие липосомы, наночастицы, мицеллы и дендримеры, характеризуются повышенной эффективностью, уменьшенной токсичностью и возможностью контролируемого высвобождения активных компонентов. Нанотехнологии повышают эффективность вакцин, увеличивая период их полураспада, оказывают влияние на микроокружение РМШ и усиливают противоопухолевый иммунный ответ при минимальной токсичности. Нановакцины способны осуществлять доставку антигенов и адъювантов непосредственно к иммунным клеткам, усиливая иммунный ответ и улучшая результаты лечения РЯ. Нанотехнологии демонстрируют значительный потенциал в улучшении терапии РЭ, несмотря на то, что их роль в этом контексте пока менее исследована по сравнению с другими видами ЗНО женской репродуктивной системы.

Заключение. Наночастицы способны переносить как обычные лекарственные вещества, так и системы на базе белков и нуклеиновых кислот непосредственно к раковым клеткам. Однако лишь немногие методы лечения ЗНО женской репродуктивной системы, основанные на применении наночастиц, получили одобрение для использования. Данная область добивается значительных успехов, продвигаясь к появлению более эффективных и широкодоступных методов лечения.

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