<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">akusherstvo</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproduction</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Акушерство, Гинекология и Репродукция</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2313-7347</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2500-3194</issn><publisher><publisher-name>IRBIS LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17749/2313-7347.2016.10.2.086-093</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">akusherstvo-350</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEW ARTICLE</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>НАУЧНЫЙ ОБЗОР</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>THE VALUE OF GENETIC AND ACQUIRED THROMBOPHILIA IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF DELAY OF INTRAUTERINE FETUS GROWTH</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>ЗНАЧЕНИЕ ГЕНЕТИЧЕСКОЙ И ПРИОБРЕТЕННОЙ ФОРМ ТРОМБОФИЛИИ В ПАТОГЕНЕЗЕ ЗАДЕРЖКИ ВНУТРИУТРОБНОГО РОСТА ПЛОДА</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кунешко</surname><given-names>Н. Ф.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kuneshko</surname><given-names>N. F.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кунешко Нарт Фарук – кандидат медицинских наук, врач акушер-гинеколог, перинатолог, заведующий операционным блоком. </p><p>Адрес: ул. Нежинская, 3, Москва, Россия, 119501.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Kuneshko Nart Faruk – PhD, head of surgery block. </p><p>Address: ul. Nezhinskaya, 3, Moscow, Russia, 119501. </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">drnartfaruk@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Центр планирования семьи и репродукции Филиал № 4, Родильный дом № 3, Москва</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Maternity hospital №3 Department of Health in Moscow</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>10</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>10</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>86</fpage><lpage>93</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Kuneshko N.F., 2016</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Кунешко Н.Ф.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kuneshko N.F.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.gynecology.su/jour/article/view/350">https://www.gynecology.su/jour/article/view/350</self-uri><abstract><p>The review is devoted to a problem of the intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). The possible role in a pathogenesis of IUGR of genetic forms of a thrombophilia and circulation of the anti-phospholipid antibodies causing a preeclampsia and placental failure to 30-50% of cases according to different authors is discussed. The approaches to diagnostics, treatment and forecasting of IUGR including use of a fetometry, cardiotocography, dopplerometry, a research of an immunoreactivity, parameters of a hemostasis and vascular growth factors are presented.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Обзор посвящен проблеме задержки внутриутробного роста плода (ЗВРП). Обсуждается возможная роль в патогенезе ЗВРП генетических форм тромбофилии и циркуляции антифосфолипидных антител, обусловливающих возникновение преэклампсии и плацентарной недостаточности до 30-50% случаев, по данным разных авторов. Представлены подходы к диагностике, лечению и прогнозированию ЗВРП, включающие применение фетометрии, кардиотокографии, допплерометрии, исследования иммунореактивности, параметров гемостаза и сосудистых факторов роста.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>ЗВРП</kwd><kwd>тромбофилия</kwd><kwd>антифосфолипидный синдром</kwd><kwd>диагностика</kwd><kwd>прогнозирование</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Delay of intrauterine fetus growth</kwd><kwd>thrombophilia</kwd><kwd>antiphospholipid syndrome</kwd><kwd>diagnosis</kwd><kwd>forecasting</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Аксенов А.Н. Физиологическая и патологическая беременность, фетоплацентарная система. Справочник по акушерству и гинекологии под редакцией Г.М. Савельевой. 2-е изд., перераб. и доп. М. 1996; 5-116.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aksenov A.N. The physiological and pathological pregnancy, fetoplacental system. Handbook of Obstetrics and Gynecology, edited by GM Savelevoj. 2nd ed., Rev. and ext. [Fiziologicheskaya i patologicheskaya beremennost', fetoplatsentarnaya sistema. Spravochnik po akusherstvu i ginekologii pod redaktsiei G.M. Savel'evoi. 2-e izd., pererab. i dop (in Russian)]. Moscow. 1996; 5-116.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Аржанова О.Н., Тышкевич О.В., Зубжицкая Л.Б. Плацентарная недостаточность при антифосфолипидном синдроме. Вестник Санкт-Петербургского университета. 2006; 11 (2): 111-114.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arzhanova O.N., Tyshkevich O.V., Zubzhitskaya L.B. Vestnik SanktPeterburgskogo universiteta. 2006; 11 (2): 111-114.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Близнецкая С.Л. Основные наследственные тромбофилии и их роль при привычном невынашивании беременности. автореф. дис. … канд. мед. наук. М. 2009.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bliznetskaya S.L. Main hereditary thrombophilia and their role in habitual miscarriage: Abstract of the candidate of medical sciences [Osnovnye nasledstvennye trombofilii i ikh rol' pri privychnom nevynashivanii beremennosti: avtoref. dis. … kand. med. nauk (in Russian)]. Moscow. 2009.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Борзова Н.Ю., Сотникова Н.Ю., Гагаева Ю.В., Кудряшова А.В. Патент № 2265224. Способ прогнозирования синдрома задержки развития плода. 2005.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Borzova N.Yu., Sotnikova N.Yu., Gagaeva Yu.V., Kudryashova A.V. Patent № 2265224. A method of predicting fetal growth retardation [Patent № 2265224. Sposob prognozirovaniya sindroma zaderzhki razvitiya ploda (in Russian)]. 2005.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Васильева Т.П., Посисеева Л.В., Васин В.А. Состояние здоровья женщины во время беременности с учетом разных групп факторов в современных социальноэкономических условиях. Вестник Ивановской медицинской академии. 1998; (2): 15-22.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vasil'eva T.P., Posiseeva L.V., Vasin V.A. Vestnik Ivanovskoi meditsinskoi akademii. 1998; (2): 15-22.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Игнатко И.В., Давыдов Л.И., Рыбин М.В. Принципы терапии плацентарной недостаточности и синдрома задержки развития плода. Вопросы гинекологии, акушерства и перинатологии. 2006; 5: 68-74.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ignatko I.V., Davydov L.I., Rybin M.V. Voprosy ginekologii, akusherstva i perinatologii. 2006; 5: 68-74.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Макаров О.В., Волкова Е.В., Копылова Ю.В., Лысюк Е.Ю., Кибардин А.В. Патент № 2517374. Способ выбора тактики ведения беременных с плацентарной недостаточностью и синдромом задержки развития плода. 2014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Makarov O.V., Volkova E.V., Kopylova Yu.V., Lysyuk E.Yu., Kibardin A.V. Patent № 2517374. Method of choice of tactics for pregnant women with placental insufficiency and fetal growth retardation [Patent № 2517374. Sposob vybora taktiki vedeniya beremennykh s platsentarnoi nedostatochnost'yu i sindromom zaderzhki razvitiya ploda (in Russian)]. 2014.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Макаров О.В., Волкова Е.В., Лысюк Е.Ю, Копылова Ю.В. Фетоплацентарный ангиогенез у беременных с плацентарной недостаточностью. Акушерство, гинекология и репродукция. 2013; 7 (3): 22-29.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Makarov O.V., Volkova E.V., Lysyuk E.Yu, Kopylova Yu.V. Fetoplatsentarnyi angiogenez u beremennykh s platsentarnoi nedostatochnost'yu. Akusherstvo, ginekologiya i reproduktsiya. 2013; 7 (3): 22-29.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Макаров О.В., Насырова Д.В, Козлов П.В. Сравнительная оценка эффективности фармакотерапии синдрома задержки развития плода. Проблемы женского здоровья. 2007; 2 (4): 30-33.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Makarov O.V., Nasyrova D.V, Kozlov P.V. Problemy zhenskogo zdorov'ya. 2007; 2 (4): 30-33.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Макацария А.Д., Бицадзе В.О. Тромбофилии и противотромботическая терапия в акушерской практике. М. 2003; 904 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Makatsariya A.D., Bitsadze V.O. Thrombophilia and antithrombotic therapy in obstetric practice [Trombofilii i protivotromboticheskaya terapiya v akusherskoi praktike (in Russian)]. Moscow. 2003; 904 s.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Макацария А.Д., Бицадзе В.О. Тромбофилические состояния в акушерской практике. М. 2001; 704 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Makatsariya A.D., Bitsadze V.O. Thrombophilic states in obstetric practice [Trombofilicheskie sostoyaniya v akusherskoi praktike (in Russian)]. Moscow. 2001; 704 s.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Медведев М.В., Юдина Е.В. Задержка внутриутробного развития плода. 2-е изд. М. 1998; 208 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Medvedev M.V., Yudina E.V. Intrauterine growth. 2nd ed [Zaderzhka vnutriutrobnogo razvitiya ploda. 2-e izd (in Russian)]. Moscow. 1998; 208 s.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Полянчикова О.Л. Частота и структура факторов риска задержки развития плода у беременных женщин в современных условиях. Дальневосточный медицинский журнал. 2009; (2): 54-57.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Polyanchikova O.L. Dal'nevostochnyi meditsinskii zhurnal. 2009; (2): 54-57.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Тихоненко И.В. Возможности прогнозирования плацентарной недостаточности в ранние сроки беременности. Материалы V Регионального научного форума «Мать и дитя». Геленджик. 2011; 138-139.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tikhonenko I.V. Features prediction of placental insufficiency in the early stages of pregnancy. Proceedings of the V Regional Scientific Forum "Mother and Child" [Vozmozhnosti prognozirovaniya platsentarnoi nedostatochnosti v rannie sro-ki beremennosti. Materialy V Regional'nogo nauchnogo foruma «Mat' i ditya» (in Russian)]. Gelendzhik. 2011; 138-139.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Тихоненко И.В., Можейко Л.Ф., Ходосовская Е.В., Полевечко Т.Н. Ранняя диагностика угрозы прерывания беременности и развития плацентарной недостаточности. Материалы IV съезда акушеров-гинекологов России. М. 2008; 254-255.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tikhonenko I.V., Mozheiko L.F., Khodosovskaya E.V., Polevechko T.N. Early diagnosis of threatened abortion and development of placental insufficiency. Proceedings of the IV Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Russia [Rannyaya diagnostika ugrozy preryvaniya beremennosti i razvitiya platsentarnoi nedostatochnosti. Materialy IV s"ezda akusherov-ginekologov Rossii (in Russian)]. Moscow. 2008; 254-255.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Чиркова И.В., Севостьянова О.Ю., Якубович О.И., Мазуров А.Д. Патент № 2221253. Способ прогнозирования синдрома задержки развития плода у женщин во втором триместре беременности, осложненной гестозом. 2004.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chirkova I.V., Sevost'yanova O.Yu., Yakubovich O.I., Mazurov A.D. Patent № 2221253. A method of predicting fetal growth retardation syndrome in women in the second trimester of pregnancy complicated by preeclampsia [Patent № 2221253. Sposob prognozirovaniya sindroma zaderzhki razvitiya ploda u zhenshchin vo vtorom trimestre beremennosti, oslozhnennoi gestozom (in Russian)]. 2004.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brenner B. Thorombophilia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome. Obstet. Gynecol. Clin. North. Am. 2006; 33: 443-456.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brenner B. Thorombophilia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome. Obstet. Gynecol. Clin. North. Am. 2006; 33: 443-456.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chow S.S., Craig M.E., Jones C.A., Hall B., Catteau J., Lloyd A.R., Rawlinson W.D. Differences in amniotic fluid and maternal serum cytokine levels in early midtrimester women without evidence of infection. Cytokine. 2008; 44 (1): 78-84.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chow S.S., Craig M.E., Jones C.A., Hall B., Catteau J., Lloyd A.R., Rawlinson W.D. Differences in amniotic fluid and maternal serum cytokine levels in early midtrimester women without evidence of infection. Cytokine. 2008; 44 (1): 78-84.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Clark A.L., Branch D.W., Silver R.M., Harris E.M., Pierangeli S., Spinnato J.A. Pregnancy complicated by the antiphospholipid syndrome: outcomes with intravenous immunoglobulin therapy. Obstet. Gynecol. 1999; 93: 437-441.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Clark A.L., Branch D.W., Silver R.M., Harris E.M., Pierangeli S., Spinnato J.A. Pregnancy compli-cated by the antiphospholipid syndrome: outcomes with intravenous immunoglobulin therapy. Obstet. Gynecol. 1999; 93: 437-441.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dashe J.S., McIntre D.D., Lucas M.J., Leveno K.J. Effects of symmetric and asymmetric fetal growth on pregnanchy outcomes. Obstet. Gynecol. 2000; 96: 321-327.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dashe J.S., McIntre D.D., Lucas M.J., Leveno K.J. Effects of symmetric and asymmetric fetal growth on pregnanchy outcomes. Obstet. Gynecol. 2000; 96: 321-327.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Demir R., Seval Y., Huppertz B. Vasculogenesis and angiogenesis in the early human placenta. ActaHistochem. 2007; 109: 257-265.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Demir R., Seval Y., Huppertz B. Vasculogenesis and angiogenesis in the early human placenta. ActaHistochem. 2007; 109: 257-265.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Esmon N.L., Safa O., Smirnov M.D., Esmon C.T. Antiphospholipid antibodies and the protein C pathway. J. Autoimmun. 2000; 15: 221-225.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Esmon N.L., Safa O., Smirnov M.D., Esmon C.T. Antiphospholipid antibodies and the protein C pathway. J. Autoimmun. 2000; 15: 221-225.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fredell L., Kockum I., Hansson E., Holmner S., Pedersen J. Heredity of hypospadias and the significance of low birth weight. J. Urol. 2002; 167: 1423-1427.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fredell L., Kockum I., Hansson E., Holmner S., Pedersen J. Heredity of hypospadias and the signifi-cance of low birth weight. J. Urol. 2002; 167: 1423-1427.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Galli M., Luciani D., Bertolini G., Barbui T. Lupus anticoagulants are stronger risk f actors for thrombosis than anticardiolipin antibodies in the antiphospholipid syndrome: a systematic review of the literature. Blood. 2003; 101: 1827-1832.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Galli M., Luciani D., Bertolini G., Barbui T. Lupus anticoagulants are stronger risk factors for thrombosis than anticardiolipin antibodies in the antiphospholipid syndrome: a systematic review of the literature. Blood. 2003; 101: 1827-1832.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Girardi G., Redecha P., Salmon J.E. Heparin prevents antiphospholipid antibody-induced fetal loss by inhibiting complement activation. Nat. Med. 2004; 10: 1222-1226.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Girardi G., Redecha P., Salmon J.E. Heparin prevents antiphospholipid antibody-induced fetal loss by inhibiting complement activation. Nat. Med. 2004; 10: 1222-1226.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gluckman P.D, Hanson M.A. Maternal constraint of fetal growth and its consequences. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2004; 5: 419-425.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gluckman P.D, Hanson M.A. Maternal constraint of fetal growth and its consequences. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2004; 5: 419-425.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Goldenberg R. L., Culhane G.F., Lams J.D., Romero R. Epidemiology and causes of preterm birth. The Lancet. 2008; 371: 75-84.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Goldenberg R. L., Culhane G.F., Lams J.D., Romero R. Epidemiology and causes of preterm birth. The Lancet. 2008; 371: 75-84.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Holt R.I, Byrne C.D. Intrauterine growth, the vascular system, and the metabolic syndrome. Semin Vasc. Med. 2002; 1: 33-43.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Holt R.I, Byrne C.D. Intrauterine growth, the vascular system, and the metabolic syndrome. Semin Vasc. Med. 2002; 1: 33-43.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jamal A., Hantoshzadeh S., Hekmat H., Abbasi S. The association of thrombophilia with fetal growth restriction. Arch. Iran. Med. 2010; 13: 482-485.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jamal A., Hantoshzadeh S., Hekmat H., Abbasi S. The association of thrombophilia with fetal growth restriction. Arch. Iran. Med. 2010; 13: 482-485.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kupferminc M.J. Thrombophilia and pregnancy. Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology. 2003; 1: 111.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kupferminc M.J. Thrombophilia and pregnancy. Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology. 2003; 1: 111.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kupferminc M.J., Many A., Bar-Am A., Lessing J.B., Asher-Lensberg J. Mid-trimester severe intrauterine growth restriction is associated with a high prevalence of thrombophilia. BJOG. 2002; 109: 1373-1376.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kupferminc M.J., Many A., Bar-Am A., Lessing J.B., Asher-Lensberg J. Mid-trimester severe intrau-terine growth restriction is associated with a high prevalence of thrombophilia. BJOG. 2002; 109: 1373-1376.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liestol S., Sandset P.M., Jacobsen E.M., Mowinckel M.C. Decreased anticoagulant response to tissue factor pathway inhibitor type 1 in plasmas from patients with lupus anticoagulants. Br J Haematol. 2007; 136: 131-137.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liestol S., Sandset P.M., Jacobsen E.M., Mowinckel M.C. Decreased anticoagulant response to tissue factor pathway inhibitor type 1 in plasmas from patients with lupus anticoagulants. Br J Haematol. 2007; 136: 131-137.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Malinowski A., Szpakowski M., Wilczynski J., Wozniak P. Efficiency of paternal lymphocyte immunization in prevention of unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion. I. Clinical prognostic factors. Ginekol. Pol. 1997; 68 (4): 165-172.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Malinowski A., Szpakowski M., Wilczynski J., Wozniak P. Efficiency of paternal lymphocyte im-munization in prevention of unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion. I. Clinical prognostic factors. Ginekol. Pol. 1997; 68 (4): 165-172.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Militello M., Pappalardo E.M., Carrara S. Obstetric management of IUGR. J. Prenat. Med. 2009; 3 (1): 6-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Militello M., Pappalardo E.M., Carrara S. Obstetric management of IUGR. J. Prenat. Med. 2009; 3 (1): 6-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mirzaei F., Farzad-Mahajeri Z. Association of hereditary thrombophilia with intrauterine growth restriction. Iran. J. Reprod. Med. 2013; 11 (4): 275-278.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mirzaei F., Farzad-Mahajeri Z. Association of hereditary thrombophilia with intrauterine growth re-striction. Iran. J. Reprod. Med. 2013; 11 (4): 275-278.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Polanczyk M.J., Carson B.D, Subramanian S., Afentoulis M., Vanderbark A.A., Ziegler S.F., Offner H. Cutting edge: estrogen drives expansion of the CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cell compartment. J. Immunol. 2004; 173: 2227-2230.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Polanczyk M.J., Carson B.D, Subramanian S., Afentoulis M., Vanderbark A.A., Ziegler S.F., Offner H. Cutting edge: estrogen drives expansion of the CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cell compartment. J. Immunol. 2004; 173: 2227-2230.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rand J.H., Xiao-Xuan Wu, Quinn A.S., Chen P.P., VcCrat K.R., Bovill E.G., Taatjes D.J. Human monoclonal antiphospholipid antibodies disrupt the annexin A5 anticoagulant crystal shield on phospholipid bilayers: evidence from atomic force microscopy and functional assay. Am. J. Pathol. 2003; 163: 1193-1200.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rand J.H., Xiao-Xuan Wu, Quinn A.S., Chen P.P., VcCrat K.R., Bovill E.G., Taatjes D.J. Human monoclonal antiphospholipid antibodies disrupt the annexin A5 anticoagulant crystal shield on phos-pholipid bilayers: evidence from atomic force microscopy and functional assay. Am. J. Pathol. 2003; 163: 1193-1200.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Reynolds L.P., Borowicz P.P., Vonnahme K.A., Johnson M.L., Grazul-Bilska A.T., Wallace J.M., Caton J.S., Redmer D.A. Animal models of placental angiogenesis. Placenta. 2005; 26: 689-708.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Reynolds L.P., Borowicz P.P., Vonnahme K.A., Johnson M.L., Grazul-Bilska A.T., Wallace J.M., Caton J.S., Redmer D.A. Animal models of placental angiogenesis. Placenta. 2005; 26: 689-708.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Said J.M. Inherited thrombophilas and adverse pregnancy outcomes: a case-control study in an Australian population. Acta. Obstet. Gynecol. 2012; 91: 250-255.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Said J.M. Inherited thrombophilas and adverse pregnancy outcomes: a case-control study in an Aus-tralian population. Acta. Obstet. Gynecol. 2012; 91: 250-255.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sasaki Y., Sakai M., Miyazaki S., Higuma S. Decidual and peripheral blood CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells in early pregnancy subjects and spontaneous abortion cases. Mol. Hum. Reprod. 2004; 10: 347- 353.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sasaki Y., Sakai M., Miyazaki S., Higuma S. Decidual and peripheral blood CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells in early pregnancy subjects and spontaneous abortion cases. Mol. Hum. Reprod. 2004; 10: 347- 353.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shamonki J.M., Salmon J.E., Hyjek E., Baergen R.N. Excessive complement activation is associated with placental injury in patients with antiphospholipid antibodies. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 2007; 196: 167.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shamonki J.M., Salmon J.E., Hyjek E., Baergen R.N. Excessive complement activation is associated with placental injury in patients with antiphospholipid antibodies. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 2007; 196: 167.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stone S., Khamashta M.A., Poston L. Placentation, antiphospholipid syndrome and pregnancy outcome. Lupus. 2001; 10: 67-74.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stone S., Khamashta M.A., Poston L. Placentation, antiphospholipid syndrome and pregnancy out-come. Lupus. 2001; 10: 67-74.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wegmann T. G., Hui Lin, Guilbert L., Mosmann T.R. Bidirectional cytokine interactions in the maternal-fetal relationship is successful pregnancy a Th2 phenomenon? Immunol. Today. 1993; 14: 353-356.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wegmann T. G., Hui Lin, Guilbert L., Mosmann T.R. Bidirectional cytokine interactions in the ma-ternal-fetal relationship is successful pregnancy a Th2 phenomenon? Immunol. Today. 1993; 14: 353-356.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
