<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">akusherstvo</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproduction</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Акушерство, Гинекология и Репродукция</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2313-7347</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2500-3194</issn><publisher><publisher-name>IRBIS LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17749/2313-7347/ob.gyn.rep.2026.783</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">akusherstvo-2926</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEW ARTICLE</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>НАУЧНЫЙ ОБЗОР</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>The 52-mg levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system in the transition from contraception to menopausal hormone therapy in perimenopausal women: a narrative literature review</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Применение левоноргестрел-высвобождающей внутриматочной системы 52 мг при переходе от контрацепции к менопаузальной гормональной терапии у женщин в перименопаузе: нарративный обзор литературы</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5258-4120</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бабенко</surname><given-names>Ю. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Babenko</surname><given-names>Yu. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Бабенко Юлия Данииловна </p><p>191015 Санкт-Петербург, ул. Кирочная, д. 41</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yulia D. Babenko</p><p>41 Kirochnaya Str., Saint Petersburg 191015</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">babenko9julia@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8568-6834</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Борматенко</surname><given-names>Ю. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bormatenko</surname><given-names>Yu. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Борматенко Юлия Алексеевна </p><p>191015 Санкт-Петербург, ул. Кирочная, д. 41</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yulia A. Bormatenko</p><p>41 Kirochnaya Str., Saint Petersburg 191015</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7940-0716</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Виноградова</surname><given-names>Е. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vinogradova</surname><given-names>E. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Виноградова Елизавета Сергеевна </p><p>194100 Санкт-Петербург, ул. Литовская, д. 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elizaveta S. Vinogradova</p><p>2 Litovskaya Str., Saint Petersburg 194100</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6428-0198</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гридяева</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gridyaeva</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Гридяева Алина Андреевна </p><p>191015 Санкт-Петербург, ул. Кирочная, д. 41</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alina A. Gridyaeva</p><p>41 Kirochnaya Str., Saint Petersburg 191015</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5510-6750</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кирюхина</surname><given-names>П. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kiryukhina</surname><given-names>P. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кирюхина Полина Сергеевна </p><p>197341 Санкт-Петербург, ул. Аккуратова, д. 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Polina S. Kiryukhina</p><p>2 Akkuratova Str., Saint Petersburg 197341</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8354-6651</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кияшко</surname><given-names>Г. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kiyashko</surname><given-names>G. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кияшко Глеб Витальевич </p><p>191015 Санкт-Петербург, ул. Кирочная, д. 41</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Gleb V. Kiiashko</p><p>41 Kirochnaya Str., Saint Petersburg 191015</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9770-0813</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кудрик</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kudrik</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кудрик Александра Андреевна </p><p>191015 Санкт-Петербург, ул. Кирочная, д. 41</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexandra A. Kudrik</p><p>41 Kirochnaya Str., Saint Petersburg 191015</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5706-121X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кузьмина</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kuzmina</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кузьмина Алина Владимировна </p><p>194100 Санкт-Петербург, ул. Литовская, д. 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alina V. Kuzmina</p><p>2 Litovskaya Str., Saint Petersburg 194100</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9325-1475</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Махмудова</surname><given-names>Э. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Makhmudova</surname><given-names>E. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Махмудова Эмилия Сослановна </p><p>191015 Санкт-Петербург, ул. Кирочная, д. 41</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Emilia S. Makhmudova</p><p>41 Kirochnaya Str., Saint Petersburg 191015</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7077-7886</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Медведева</surname><given-names>Е. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Medvedeva</surname><given-names>E. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Медведева Екатерина Евгеньевна </p><p>191015 Санкт-Петербург, ул. Кирочная, д. 41</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ekaterina E. Medvedeva</p><p>41 Kirochnaya Str., Saint Petersburg 191015</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3045-4847</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Прохоренко</surname><given-names>А. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Prokhorenko</surname><given-names>A. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Прохоренко Анна Юрьевна </p><p>191015 Санкт-Петербург, ул. Кирочная, д. 41</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anna Yu. Prokhorenko</p><p>41 Kirochnaya Str., Saint Petersburg 191015</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4307-288X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Розонова</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Rozonova</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Розонова Есения Витальевна </p><p>191015 Санкт-Петербург, ул. Кирочная, д. 41</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Eseniya V. Rozonova</p><p>41 Kirochnaya Str., Saint Petersburg 191015</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3345-4118</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Романова</surname><given-names>В. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Romanova</surname><given-names>V. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Романова Вероника Романовна</p><p>191015 Санкт-Петербург, ул. Кирочная, д. 41</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Veronika R. Romanova</p><p>41 Kirochnaya Str., Saint Petersburg 191015</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0765-3674</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Соседкова</surname><given-names>С. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sosedkova</surname><given-names>S. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Соседкова София Антоновна </p><p>194044 Санкт-Петербург, ул. Академика Лебедева, д. 6 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sofia A. Sosedkova</p><p>6 Akademika Lebedeva Str., Saint Petersburg 194044</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2621-7261</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сухопара</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sukhopara</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Сухопара Анна Сергеевна </p><p>191015 Санкт-Петербург, ул. Кирочная, д. 41</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anna S. Sukhopara</p><p>41 Kirochnaya Str., Saint Petersburg 191015</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9897-3300</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фещенко</surname><given-names>О. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Feshchenko</surname><given-names>O. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Фещенко Олеся Александровна </p><p>194044 Санкт-Петербург, ул. Академика Лебедева, д. 6 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Olesya A. Feshchenko</p><p>6 Akademika Lebedeva Str., Saint Petersburg 194044</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Северо-Западный государственный медицинский университет имени И.И. Мечникова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Mechnikov North-Western State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Санкт-Петербургский государственный педиатрический медицинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Saint Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр имени В.А. Алмазова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБВОУ ВО «Военно-медицинская академия имени С.М. Кирова» Министерства обороны Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Kirov Military Medical Academy, Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>09</day><month>09</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>0</issue><issue-title>Online First</issue-title><elocation-id>2926</elocation-id><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Babenko Y.D., Bormatenko Y.A., Vinogradova E.S., Gridyaeva A.A., Kiryukhina P.S., Kiyashko G.V., Kudrik A.A., Kuzmina A.V., Makhmudova E.S., Medvedeva E.E., Prokhorenko A.Y., Rozonova E.V., Romanova V.R., Sosedkova S.A., Sukhopara A.S., Feshchenko O.A., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Бабенко Ю.Д., Борматенко Ю.А., Виноградова Е.С., Гридяева А.А., Кирюхина П.С., Кияшко Г.В., Кудрик А.А., Кузьмина А.В., Махмудова Э.С., Медведева Е.Е., Прохоренко А.Ю., Розонова Е.В., Романова В.Р., Соседкова С.А., Сухопара А.С., Фещенко О.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Babenko Y.D., Bormatenko Y.A., Vinogradova E.S., Gridyaeva A.A., Kiryukhina P.S., Kiyashko G.V., Kudrik A.A., Kuzmina A.V., Makhmudova E.S., Medvedeva E.E., Prokhorenko A.Y., Rozonova E.V., Romanova V.R., Sosedkova S.A., Sukhopara A.S., Feshchenko O.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.gynecology.su/jour/article/view/2926">https://www.gynecology.su/jour/article/view/2926</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. The perimenopausal transition is accompanied by progressive decline in ovarian function, variability of sex steroid secretion, menstrual cycle disturbances, abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB), and vasomotor and psychoemotional symptoms. Despite age-related decline in fertility, a risk of unintended pregnancy remains in sexually active women of late reproductive age thereby emphasing a choice of effective and safe contraception as a clinically important task.</p></sec><sec><title>Aim</title><p>Aim: to analyze and summarize current literature assessing 52-mg levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) use during the transition from contraception to menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) in perimenopausal women, focusing on contraceptive efficacy, endometrial protection, safety, tolerability, and its place among alternative strategies.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and Methods</title><p>Materials and Methods. A narrative literature review in PubMed/MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, eLibrary, and Google Scholar databases was carried out. Publications addressing the use of the 52-mg LNG-IUS in late reproductive-age and perimenopausal women were included primarily assessing contraceptive efficacy, AUB control, endometrial protection during estrogen-containing MHT, safety, tolerability, and patient-oriented outcomes.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The 52-mg LNG-IUS is a highly effective long-acting reversible contraceptive method with additional non-contraceptive benefits, including reduction of menstrual blood loss, treatment of heavy menstrual bleeding, and prevention of endometrial hyperplasia. In perimenopause, the system may simultaneously provide contraception and AUB control; when estrogen therapy is initiated, it may serve as a local progestogen component of MHT and protect the endometrium. This approach may be particularly relevant for women with contraindications to estrogen-containing contraception, a need for a long-term delivery method, and concomitant menstrual cycle disorders.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The 52-mg LNG-IUS may be considered a clinically relevant tool for transition from contraception to MHT in perimenopausal women. However, data on long-term oncological, cardiovascular, and metabolic outcomes remain heterogeneous. Chosing this strategy should be individualized according to age, bleeding pattern, endometrial status, risk profile, contraindications to alternative methods, and patient preferences.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Перименопауза сопровождается прогрессирующим снижением овариальной функции, вариабельностью секреции половых стероидных гормонов, нарушениями менструального цикла, аномальными маточными кровотечениями (АМК), сосудодвигательными и психоэмоциональными симптомами. Несмотря на возрастное снижение фертильности, у сексуально активных женщин позднего репродуктивного возраста сохраняется риск незапланированной беременности, что делает выбор эффективного и безопасного метода контрацепции клинически значимой задачей.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель: проанализировать и обобщить современные литературные данные о применении левоноргестрел-высвобождающей внутриматочной системы (ЛНГ-ВМС) 52 мг при переходе от контрацепции к менопаузальной гормональной терапии (МГТ) у женщин в перименопаузе с акцентом на контрацептивную эффективность, эндометриальную защиту, безопасность, переносимость и место метода среди альтернативных стратегий.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Обзор выполнен в нарративном формате. Поиск литературы проводился в PubMed/MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, eLibrary и Google Scholar. В анализ включали публикации, отражающие применение ЛНГ-ВМС 52 мг у женщин позднего репродуктивного и перименопаузального возраста, ее контрацептивную эффективность, влияние на аномальные маточные кровотечения, эндометриальную защиту при назначении эстрогенов в составе МГТ, а также данные о безопасности, переносимости и пациент-ориентированных исходах.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. ЛНГ-ВМС 52 мг представляет собой метод длительной обратимой контрацепции с высокой эффективностью и дополнительными неконтрацептивными эффектами, включая снижение менструальной кровопотери, лечение обильных менструальных кровотечений и профилактику гиперплазии эндометрия. В перименопаузе система может одновременно обеспечивать контрацепцию и контроль АМК, а при назначении эстрогенов в составе МГТ выполнять функцию локального гестагенного компонента, защищающего эндометрий. Такой подход может быть особенно обоснован у женщин с противопоказаниями к эстрогенсодержащей контрацепции, потребностью в долгосрочном методе и сопутствующими нарушениями менструального цикла.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. ЛНГ-ВМС 52 мг может рассматриваться как клинически значимый инструмент перехода от контрацепции к МГТ у женщин в перименопаузе. Вместе с тем данные о долгосрочных онкологических, сердечно-сосудистых и метаболических исходах остаются неоднородными. Выбор данной стратегии должен быть индивидуализированным и учитывать возраст, характер кровотечений, состояние эндометрия, профиль факторов риска, наличие противопоказаний к альтернативным методам и предпочтения пациентки.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>левоноргестрел</kwd><kwd>левоноргестрел-высвобождающая внутриматочная система</kwd><kwd>ЛНГ-ВМС</kwd><kwd>внутриматочные лекарственные средства</kwd><kwd>перименопауза</kwd><kwd>контрацепция</kwd><kwd>менопаузальная гормональная терапия</kwd><kwd>МГТ</kwd><kwd>гиперплазия эндометрия</kwd><kwd>маточные кровотечения</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>levonorgestrel</kwd><kwd>levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system</kwd><kwd>LNG-IUS</kwd><kwd>intrauterine devices</kwd><kwd>perimenopause</kwd><kwd>contraception</kwd><kwd>menopausal hormone therapy</kwd><kwd>MHT</kwd><kwd>endometrial hyperplasia</kwd><kwd>uterine bleeding</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Клинические рекомендации. Менопауза и климактерическое состояние у женщины. М.: Министерство здравоохранения Российской Федерации, 2025. 93 c. Режим доступа: https://cr.minzdrav.gov.ru/view-cr/117_3. [Дата обращения: 16.05.2026].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Clinical guidelines. Menopause and climacteric in women. [Klinicheskie rekomendacii. Menopauza i klimaktericheskoe sostoyanie u zhenshchiny]. Moscow: Ministerstvo zdravoohraneniya Rossijskoj Federacii, 2025. 93 p. (In Russ.). Available at: https://cr.minzdrav.gov.ru/view-cr/117_3. [Accessed: 16.05.2026].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Якушевская О.В. Менопауза – новый старт в женской судьбе. Медицинский совет. 2019;(7):126–32. https://doi.org/10.21518/2079-701X-2019-7-126-132.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yakushevskaya O.V. The menopause – a new chapter giving woman a list for life. Medicinskij sovet. 2019;(7):126–32. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.21518/2079-701X-2019-7-126-132.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vallejo M.S. Hormonal contraception in perimenopause: a narrative review. EGO. 2025;7(3):140–9. https://doi.org/10.53260/EGO.2570311.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vallejo M.S. Hormonal contraception in perimenopause: a narrative review. EGO. 2025;7(3):140–9. https://doi.org/10.53260/EGO.2570311.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Артымук Н.В., Тачкова О.А., Марочко Т.Ю. Особенности контрацепции у женщин позднего репродуктивного возраста. Мать и дитя в Кузбассе. 2020;(3):4–9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Artymuk N.V., Tachkova O.A., Marochko T.Yu. Features of contraception in women of late reproductive age. Mat' i ditya v Kuzbasse. 2020;(3):4–9. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мусина Е.В., Коган И.Ю. Менопаузальная гормональная терапия: онкологические риски. Гинекология. 2020;22(3):29–32. https://doi.org/10.26442/20795696.2020.3.200154.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Musina E.V., Kogan I.Yu. Menopausal hormone therapy: oncological risks. Ginekologiya. 2020;22(3):29–32. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.26442/20795696.2020.3.200154.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шляхто Е.В., Сухих Г.Т., Серов В.Н. и др. Российские критерии приемлемости назначения менопаузальной гормональной терапии пациенткам с сердечно-сосудистыми и метаболическими заболеваниями. Согласительный документ Российского кардиологического общества, Российского общества акушеров-гинекологов, Российской ассоциации эндокринологов, Евразийской ассоциации терапевтов, Ассоциации флебологов России. Проблемы эндокринологии. 2023;69(5):115–36. https://doi.org/10.14341/probl13394.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shlyakhto E.V., Sukhikh G.T., Serov V.N. et al. Russian eligibility criteria prescribing menopausal hormone therapy for patients with cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Consensus document of the Russian Cardiological Society, Russian Society of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Russian Association of Endocrinologists, Eurasian Association of Therapists, Association of Phlebologists of Russia. Problemy endocrinologii. 2023;69(5):115–36. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.14341/probl13394.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Devalla A. Contraception in perimenopause: a review of fecundity, fertility, and feasibility of contraceptives. Int J Reprod Contracept Obstet Gynecol. 2024;13(12):3777–84. https://doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20243626.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Devalla A. Contraception in perimenopause: a review of fecundity, fertility, and feasibility of contraceptives. Int J Reprod Contracept Obstet Gynecol. 2024;13(12):3777–84. https://doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20243626.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fidecicchi T., Caretto M., Chen G. et al. Hormonal contraception in perimenopause: what to consider to guide the choice. Semin Reprod Med. 2025;43(2):134–44. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0045-1811951.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fidecicchi T., Caretto M., Chen G. et al. Hormonal contraception in perimenopause: what to consider to guide the choice. Semin Reprod Med. 2025;43(2):134–44. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0045-1811951.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Joo J.K., Shin J.H., Lee J.R., Kim M.R. Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system use in perimenopausal women. J Menopausal Med. 2021;27(2):49–57. https://doi.org/10.6118/jmm.20038.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Joo J.K., Shin J.H., Lee J.R., Kim M.R. Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system use in perimenopausal women. J Menopausal Med. 2021;27(2):49–57. https://doi.org/10.6118/jmm.20038.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bolling K.R., Suh-Burgmann E., Reed S.D. et al. Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system treatment for endometrial hyperplasia and early endometrial cancer: a systematic review. Ther Adv Reprod Health. 2026;20:26334941261433726. https://doi.org/10.1177/26334941261433726.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bolling K.R., Suh-Burgmann E., Reed S.D. et al. Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system treatment for endometrial hyperplasia and early endometrial cancer: a systematic review. Ther Adv Reprod Health. 2026;20:26334941261433726. https://doi.org/10.1177/26334941261433726.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Медведева И.Н., Святченко К.С. Эффективность сочетанного трансдермального применения эстрогенов и гормоновыделяющей внутриматочной системы для коррекции менопаузальных расстройств. Журнал акушерства и женских болезней. 2020;69(1):37–44. https://doi.org/10.17816/JOWD69137-44.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Medvedeva I.N., Svyatchenko K.S. Efficacy of combined transdermal use of estrogens and a hormone-releasing intrauterine system for correction of menopausal disorders. Zhurnal akusherstva i zhenskih boleznej. 2020;69(1):37–44. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17816/JOWD69137-44.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Карахалис Л.Ю. Коррекция менопаузальных расстройств: новые возможности менопаузальной гормональной терапии. Медицинский совет. 2022;16(5):112–6. https://doi.org/10.21518/2079-701X-2022-16-5-112-116.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karakhalis L.Yu. Correction of menopausal disorders: new possibilities of menopausal hormone therapy. Medicinskij sovet. 2022;16(5):112–6. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.21518/2079-701X-2022-16-5-112-116.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ruan X., Mueck A.O. Criteria for the choice and monitoring of menopausal hormone therapy. Curr Med. 2024;3(1):13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44194-024-00038-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ruan X., Mueck A.O. Criteria for the choice and monitoring of menopausal hormone therapy. Curr Med. 2024;3(1):13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44194-024-00038-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Grandi G., Di Vinci P., Sgandurra A. et al. Contraception during perimenopause: practical guidance. Int J Womens Health. 2022;14:913–29. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJWH.S288070.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grandi G., Di Vinci P., Sgandurra A. et al. Contraception during perimenopause: practical guidance. Int J Womens Health. 2022;14:913–29. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJWH.S288070.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Медведева Е.В., Иванов Н.В., Веснина А.Ф. и др. Менопауза, постменопаузальный остеопороз и дентальная имплантация: роль менопаузальной гормональной терапии. Акушерство, Гинекология и Репродукция. 2025;19(6):966–75. https://doi.org/10.17749/2313-7347/ob.gyn.rep.2025.678.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Medvedeva E.V., Ivanov N.V., Vesnina A.F. et al. Menopause, postmenopausal osteoporosis, and dental implantation: the role of menopausal hormone therapy. Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproduction. 2025;19(6):966–75. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17749/2313-7347/ob.gyn.rep.2025.678.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Резолюция Совета экспертов «Дискуссионные вопросы применения локального эстриола». Акушерство, Гинекология и Репродукция. 2023;17(1):154–62. https://doi.org/10.17749/2313-7347/ob.gyn.rep.2023.379.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Experts Council Resolution «Controversial issues of local estriol application». Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproduction. 2023;17(1):154–62. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17749/2313-7347/ob.gyn.rep.2023.379.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dreisler E., Frandsen C.S., Ulrich L. Perimenopausal abnormal uterine bleeding. Maturitas. 2024;184:107944. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2024.107944.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dreisler E., Frandsen C.S., Ulrich L. Perimenopausal abnormal uterine bleeding. Maturitas. 2024;184:107944. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2024.107944.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rivero L.C.C., Gómez E.Z., Monge P.R.D. et al. Contraception in women with medical comorbidities: clinical risk stratification and individualized therapeutic strategies. Cureus. 2026;18(3):e105102. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.105102.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rivero L.C.C., Gómez E.Z., Monge P.R.D. et al. Contraception in women with medical comorbidities: clinical risk stratification and individualized therapeutic strategies. Cureus. 2026;18(3):e105102. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.105102.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Якушевская О.В. Левоноргестрел в составе менопаузальной гормональной терапии: эффекты и клинические возможности. Медицинский совет. 2024;18(4):141–6. https://doi.org/10.21518/ms2024-080.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yakushevskaya O.V. Levonorgestrel in menopausal hormone therapy: effects and clinical opportunities. Medicinskij sovet. 2024;18(4):141–6. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.21518/ms2024-080.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Свиридова Н.И., Ткаченко Л.В., Яхонтова М.А. и др. Гиперпластические процессы эндометрия: современные подходы к диагностике и лечению. Акушерство, Гинекология и Репродукция. 2024;18(1):83–95. https://doi.org/10.17749/2313-7347/ob.gyn.rep.2023.464.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sviridova N.I., Tkachenko L.V., Yakhontova M.A. et al. Endometrial hyperplastic processes: modern approaches to diagnosis and treatment. Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproduction. 2024;18(1):83–95. (In Russ.).https://doi.org/10.17749/2313-7347/ob.gyn.rep.2023.464.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Boureka E., Tsakiridis I., Kapetanios G. et al. Management of endometrial hyperplasia: a comparative review of guidelines. Cancers. 2025;17(19):3143. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17193143.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Boureka E., Tsakiridis I., Kapetanios G. et al. Management of endometrial hyperplasia: a comparative review of guidelines. Cancers. 2025;17(19):3143. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17193143.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li L., Zhu L. Chinese guidelines on the management of endometrial hyperplasia. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2024;50(7):108391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejso.2024.108391.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li L., Zhu L. Chinese guidelines on the management of endometrial hyperplasia. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2024;50(7):108391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejso.2024.108391.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Andleeb G., Rasheed A., Muzaffar A., Malik S.A. Comparison of safety and efficacy of oral progesterone with levonorgestrel intrauterine system in management of endometrial hyperplasia. Biol Clin Sci Res J. 2023;2023:313. https://doi.org/10.54112/bcsrj.v2023i1.313.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Andleeb G., Rasheed A., Muzaffar A., Malik S.A. Comparison of safety and efficacy of oral progesterone with levonorgestrel intrauterine system in management of endometrial hyperplasia. Biol Clin Sci Res J. 2023;2023:313. https://doi.org/10.54112/bcsrj.v2023i1.313.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Memi E., Pavli P., Papagianni M. et al. Diagnostic and therapeutic use of oral micronized progesterone in endocrinology. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2024;25(4):751–72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11154-024-09882-0.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Memi E., Pavli P., Papagianni M. et al. Diagnostic and therapeutic use of oral micronized progesterone in endocrinology. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2024;25(4):751–72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11154-024-09882-0.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bastianelli C., Farris M., Bruni V. et al. Effects of progestin-only contraceptives on the endometrium. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2020;13(10):1103–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512433.2020.1821649.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bastianelli C., Farris M., Bruni V. et al. Effects of progestin-only contraceptives on the endometrium. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2020;13(10):1103–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512433.2020.1821649.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Waluszewska I., Borowiec A., Paciorek A. et al. Cardiovascular safety of hormonal contraception: method-specific risks and clinical implications. Med Sci. 2026;14(2):201. https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci14020201.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Waluszewska I., Borowiec A., Paciorek A. et al. Cardiovascular safety of hormonal contraception: method-specific risks and clinical implications. Med Sci. 2026;14(2):201. https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci14020201.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Toffol E., Heikinheimo O., Jousilahti P. et al. Moderate associations between the use of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device and metabolomics profile. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2025;110(4):e1134–e1148. https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgae318.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Toffol E., Heikinheimo O., Jousilahti P. et al. Moderate associations between the use of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device and metabolomics profile. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2025;110(4):e1134–e1148. https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgae318.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Huck L.C., Truhn D., Wilpert C. et al. Background parenchymal enhancement in contrast-enhanced MR imaging suggests systemic effects of intrauterine contraceptive devices. Eur Radiol. 2022;32(11):7430–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-022-08809-0.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Huck L.C., Truhn D., Wilpert C. et al. Background parenchymal enhancement in contrast-enhanced MR imaging suggests systemic effects of intrauterine contraceptive devices. Eur Radiol. 2022;32(11):7430–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-022-08809-0.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Teal S.B., Turok D.K., Chen B.A. et al. Five-year contraceptive efficacy and safety of a levonorgestrel 52-mg intrauterine system. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;133(1):63–70. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000003034.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Teal S.B., Turok D.K., Chen B.A. et al. Five-year contraceptive efficacy and safety of a levonorgestrel 52-mg intrauterine system. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;133(1):63–70. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000003034.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Moray K.V., Chaurasia H., Sachin O., Joshi B. A systematic review on clinical effectiveness, side-effect profile and meta-analysis on continuation rate of etonogestrel contraceptive implant. Reprod Health. 2021;18(1):4. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-020-01054-y.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moray K.V., Chaurasia H., Sachin O., Joshi B. A systematic review on clinical effectiveness, side-effect profile and meta-analysis on continuation rate of etonogestrel contraceptive implant. Reprod Health. 2021;18(1):4. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-020-01054-y.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Eggebrecht L., Bauerfeind A., Boehnke T. et al. Population characteristics of intrauterine device users in real-world clinical practice across Europe – insights from the EURAS-LCS12 study. Contracept Reprod Med. 2025;10(1):20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40834-025-00353-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Eggebrecht L., Bauerfeind A., Boehnke T. et al. Population characteristics of intrauterine device users in real-world clinical practice across Europe – insights from the EURAS-LCS12 study. Contracept Reprod Med. 2025;10(1):20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40834-025-00353-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zgliczynska M., Kocaj K., Szymusik I. et al. Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system as a contraceptive method in nulliparous women: a systematic review. J Clin Med. 2020;9(7):2101. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9072101.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zgliczynska M., Kocaj K., Szymusik I. et al. Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system as a contraceptive method in nulliparous women: a systematic review. J Clin Med. 2020;9(7):2101. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9072101.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Neville A., Reisel D., Benton J. et al. Incidence of venous thromboembolism in women receiving transdermal oestradiol/testosterone with micronised progesterone in accordance with NICE guidelines. Transl Androl Urol. 2026;15(3):85. https://doi.org/10.21037/tau-2025-662.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Neville A., Reisel D., Benton J. et al. Incidence of venous thromboembolism in women receiving transdermal oestradiol/testosterone with micronised progesterone in accordance with NICE guidelines. Transl Androl Urol. 2026;15(3):85. https://doi.org/10.21037/tau-2025-662.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Clark K., Westberg S.M. Benefits of levonorgestrel intrauterine device use vs. oral or transdermal progesterone for postmenopausal women using estrogen containing hormone therapy. Innov Pharm. 2019;10(3):10. https://doi.org/10.24926/iip.v10i3.2002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Clark K., Westberg S.M. Benefits of levonorgestrel intrauterine device use vs. oral or transdermal progesterone for postmenopausal women using estrogen containing hormone therapy. Innov Pharm. 2019;10(3):10. https://doi.org/10.24926/iip.v10i3.2002.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Niu S.Y., Yi Y.C., Shih Y.H., Tseng J.J. Risks of pelvic inflammatory disease and bacterial vaginosis in adenomyosis patients using levonorgestrel intrauterine device or oral norethindrone. Front Endocrinol. 2025;16:1703310. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2025.1703310.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Niu S.Y., Yi Y.C., Shih Y.H., Tseng J.J. Risks of pelvic inflammatory disease and bacterial vaginosis in adenomyosis patients using levonorgestrel intrauterine device or oral norethindrone. Front Endocrinol. 2025;16:1703310. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2025.1703310.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bayat R., Taheri Sarvetamin H., Akbari Z. et al. Association between levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system and breast carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Immunopathol Persa. 2025;e43953. (In press). https://doi.org/10.34172/ipp.2025.43953.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bayat R., Taheri Sarvetamin H., Akbari Z. et al. Association between levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system and breast carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Immunopathol Persa. 2025;e43953. (In press). https://doi.org/10.34172/ipp.2025.43953.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Heting M., Wenping L., Yanan W. et al. Levonorgestrel intrauterine system and breast cancer risk: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Heliyon. 2023;9(4). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14733.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Heting M., Wenping L., Yanan W. et al. Levonorgestrel intrauterine system and breast cancer risk: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Heliyon. 2023;9(4). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14733.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hultstrand J.N., Gemzell-Danielsson K., Kallner H.K. et al. Hormonal contraception and risk of breast cancer and breast cancer in situ among Swedish women 15-34 years of age: a nationwide register-based study. Lancet Reg Health Eur. 2022;21:100470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanepe.2022.100470.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hultstrand J.N., Gemzell-Danielsson K., Kallner H.K. et al. Hormonal contraception and risk of breast cancer and breast cancer in situ among Swedish women 15-34 years of age: a nationwide register-based study. Lancet Reg Health Eur. 2022;21:100470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanepe.2022.100470.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brabaharan S., Veettil S.K., Kaiser J.E. et al. Association of hormonal contraceptive use with adverse health outcomes: an umbrella review of meta-analyses of randomized clinical trials and cohort studies. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5(1):e2143730. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.43730.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brabaharan S., Veettil S.K., Kaiser J.E. et al. Association of hormonal contraceptive use with adverse health outcomes: an umbrella review of meta-analyses of randomized clinical trials and cohort studies. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5(1):e2143730. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.43730.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Çopuroğlu M., Uçarkuş T.Y., Demir M.B. et al. Benign breast disorders in levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device users: evidence from a prospective cohort study. Anatol J Gen Med Res. 2026;36(1):61–8. https://doi.org/10.4274/anatoljmed.2026.17894.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Çopuroğlu M., Uçarkuş T.Y., Demir M.B. et al. Benign breast disorders in levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device users: evidence from a prospective cohort study. Anatol J Gen Med Res. 2026;36(1):61–8. https://doi.org/10.4274/anatoljmed.2026.17894.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tuesley K.M., Spilsbury K., Pearson S.A. et al. Long-acting, progestin-based contraceptives and risk of breast, gynecological, and other cancers. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2025;117(5):1046–55. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djae282.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tuesley K.M., Spilsbury K., Pearson S.A. et al. Long-acting, progestin-based contraceptives and risk of breast, gynecological, and other cancers. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2025;117(5):1046–55. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djae282.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Steshenko A., Hanna L., Collins D. Development of endometrial cancer after long-term usage of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system. BMJ Case Rep. 2021;14(5):e242094. https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2021-242094.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Steshenko A., Hanna L., Collins D. Development of endometrial cancer after long-term usage of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system. BMJ Case Rep. 2021;14(5):e242094. https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2021-242094.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hu Q., Yao Y., Xie X. et al. Uterine serous carcinoma following the insertion of levonorgestrel intrauterine system: a case report and literature review. Int J Womens Health. 2025;17:4177–85. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJWH.S540517.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hu Q., Yao Y., Xie X. et al. Uterine serous carcinoma following the insertion of levonorgestrel intrauterine system: a case report and literature review. Int J Womens Health. 2025;17:4177–85. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJWH.S540517.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">de Oliveira E.C.F., Rocha A.L.L. Five-year contraceptive use of 52-mg levonorgestrel releasing intrauterine system in young women, menstrual patterns, and new contraceptive choice. Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2023;45(11):e654–e660. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-1776032.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">de Oliveira E.C.F., Rocha A.L.L. Five-year contraceptive use of 52-mg levonorgestrel releasing intrauterine system in young women, menstrual patterns, and new contraceptive choice. Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2023;45(11):e654–e660. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-1776032.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Versailles J.B., Metelus S., Peloggia A. et al. Women’s perspectives on impact on the post menopause of use of the 52 mg levonorgestrel intrauterine device during the menopausal transition. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 2023;28(4):207–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/13625187.2023.2202292.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Versailles J.B., Metelus S., Peloggia A. et al. Women’s perspectives on impact on the post menopause of use of the 52 mg levonorgestrel intrauterine device during the menopausal transition. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 2023;28(4):207–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/13625187.2023.2202292.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ампилогова Д.М., Солопова А.Г., Блинов Д.В. и др. Влияние реабилитации на качество жизни пациенток с вульвовагинальной атрофией. Акушерство, Гинекология и Репродукция. 2024;18(3):338–51. https://doi.org/10.17749/2313-7347/ob.gyn.rep.2024.537.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ampilogova D.M., Solopova A.G., Blinov D.V. et al. The impact of rehabilitation on the quality of life of patients with vulvovaginal atrophy. Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproduction. 2024;18(3):338–51. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17749/2313-7347/ob.gyn.rep.2024.537.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang Y.F., Fan Y., Mu Y., Li J.K. Efficacy of oral medications or intrauterine device-delivered progestin in patients with endometrial hyperplasia with or without atypia: a network meta-analysis. J Clin Med. 2023;12(8):2980. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12082980.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang Y.F., Fan Y., Mu Y., Li J.K. Efficacy of oral medications or intrauterine device-delivered progestin in patients with endometrial hyperplasia with or without atypia: a network meta-analysis. J Clin Med. 2023;12(8):2980. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12082980.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гридасова О.С., Солопова А.Г., Хизроева Д.Х. и др. Роль компонентов C3 и C4 системы комплемента при вульвовагинальной атрофии в постменопаузе с различным клиническим анамнезом. Акушерство, Гинекология и Репродукция. 2025;19(6):849–59. https://doi.org/10.17749/2313-7347/ob.gyn.rep.2025.708.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gridasova O.S., Solopova A.G., Khizroeva J.Kh. et al. The role of C3 and C4 complement components in postmenopausal vulvovaginal atrophy with a different clinical history. Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproduction. 2025;19(6):849–59. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17749/2313-7347/ob.gyn.rep.2025.708.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">de Bastos M., Stegeman B.H., Rosendaal F.R. et al. Combined oral contraceptives: venous thrombosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;3(3):CD010813. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010813.pub2.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">de Bastos M., Stegeman B.H., Rosendaal F.R. et al. Combined oral contraceptives: venous thrombosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;3(3):CD010813. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010813.pub2.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mason E., Black K. Update on long- and short-acting contraceptive methods. Aust Prescr. 2025;48(3):72. https://doi.org/10.18773/austprescr.2025.023.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mason E., Black K. Update on long- and short-acting contraceptive methods. Aust Prescr. 2025;48(3):72. https://doi.org/10.18773/austprescr.2025.023.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hadizadeh F., Koteci A., Karlsson T. et al. Hormonal contraceptive formulations and breast cancer risk in adolescents and premenopausal women. JAMA Oncol. 2025;11(12):1497–506. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2025.4480.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hadizadeh F., Koteci A., Karlsson T. et al. Hormonal contraceptive formulations and breast cancer risk in adolescents and premenopausal women. JAMA Oncol. 2025;11(12):1497–506. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2025.4480.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jans L., Brynhildsen J., Cherif E. et al. Prevalence of high-risk HPV and cervical dysplasia in IUD users and controls: a cross sectional study. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 2024;29(3):109–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/13625187.2024.2340521.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jans L., Brynhildsen J., Cherif E. et al. Prevalence of high-risk HPV and cervical dysplasia in IUD users and controls: a cross sectional study. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 2024;29(3):109–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/13625187.2024.2340521.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yi H., Zhang N., Huang J. et al. Association of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device with gynecologic and breast cancers: a national cohort study in Sweden. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2024;231(4):450.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2024.05.011.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yi H., Zhang N., Huang J. et al. Association of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device with gynecologic and breast cancers: a national cohort study in Sweden. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2024;231(4):450.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2024.05.011.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
