References

akusherstvo

Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproduction

Акушерство, Гинекология и Репродукция

2313-73472500-3194

IRBIS LLC

10.17749/2313-7347/ob.gyn.rep.2026.785

akusherstvo-2877

Research Article

REVIEW ARTICLES

НАУЧНЫЕ ОБЗОРЫ

Rare forms and atypical locations of cancer-associated thrombosis

Редкие формы и атипичные локализации рак-ассоциированного тромбоза

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4509-9281

Воробьев

А. В.

Vorobev

A. V.

Воробьев Александр Викторович, д.м.н., проф.

Scopus Author ID: 57191966265. WoS ResearcherID: F-8804-2017

119048 Москва, ул. Трубецкая, д. 8, стр. 2

Alexander V. Vorobev, MD, Dr Sci Med., Prof.

Scopus Author ID: 57191966265. WoS ResearcherID: F-8804-2017

8 bldg. 2, Trubetskaya Str., Moscow 119048

alvorobev@gmail.com

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7456-2386

Солопова

А. Г.

Solopova

A. G.

Солопова Антонина Григорьевна, д.м.н., проф.

Scopus Author ID: 6505479504. WoS ResearcherID: Q-1385-2015

119048 Москва, ул. Трубецкая, д. 8, стр. 2

Antonina G. Solopova, MD, Dr Sci Med, Prof.

Scopus Author ID: 6505479504. WoS ResearcherID: Q-1385-2015

8 bldg. 2, Trubetskaya Str., Moscow 119048

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8404-1042

Бицадзе

В. О.

Bitsadze

V. O.

Бицадзе Виктория Омаровна, д.м.н., проф., профессор РАН

Scopus Author ID: 6506003478. WoS ResearcherID: F-8409-2017

119048 Москва, ул. Трубецкая, д. 8, стр. 2

Victoria O. Bitsadze, MD, Dr Sci Med, Prof., Professor of RAS

Scopus Author ID: 6506003478. WoS ResearcherID: F-8409-2017

8 bldg. 2, Trubetskaya Str., Moscow 119048

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0725-9686

Хизроева

Д. Х.

Khizroeva

J. Kh.

Хизроева Джамиля Хизриевна, д.м.н., проф.

Scopus Author ID: 57194547147. WoS ResearcherID: F-8384-2017

119048 Москва, ул. Трубецкая, д. 8, стр. 2

Jamilya Kh. Khizroeva, MD, Dr Sci Med, Prof.

Scopus Author ID: 57194547147. WoS ResearcherID: F-8384-2017

8 bldg. 2, Trubetskaya Str., Moscow 119048

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2541-3843

Макацария

Н. А.

Makatsariya

N. A.

Макацария Наталия Александровна к.м.н.

WoS ResearcherID: F-8406-2017

119048 Москва, ул. Трубецкая, д. 8, стр. 2

Nataliya A. Makatsariya, MD, PhD.

WoS ResearcherID: F-8406-2017

8 bldg. 2, Trubetskaya Str., Moscow 119048

https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5129-3922

Алиева

Э. Н.

Alieva

E. N.

Алиева Эмилия Ниязиевна

119048 Москва, ул. Трубецкая, д. 8, стр. 2

Emiliia N. Alieva

8 bldg. 2, Trubetskaya Str., Moscow 119048

https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3903-5005

Гаджибала

З. Р.

Hajibala

Z. R.

Гаджибала Захра Рамиз кызы

AZ1143 Баку, проспект Гусейна Джавида, д. 33

Zehra R. Hajibala

33 Huseyn Javid Avenue, Baku, AZ1143

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3367-9844

Блинов

Д. В.

Blinov

D. V.

Блинов Дмитрий Владиславович, д.м.н.

Scopus Author ID: 6701744871

101000 Москва, Лялин переулок, д. 11–13/1

123056 Москва, 2-я Брестская ул., д. 5, с. 1–1а

141551 Московская область, деревня Голубое, ул. Родниковая, стр. 6, к. 1

Dmitry V. Blinov, MD, Dr Sci Med.

Scopus Author ID: 6701744871.

WoS ResearcherID: E-8906-2017

11–13/1 Lyalin Pereulok, Moscow 101000

5 bldg. 1–1a, 2-ya Brestskaya Str., Moscow 123056

6 bldg. 1, Rodnikovaya Str., Village Goluboe, Moscow region 141551

https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1822-559X

Темешова

Е. Д.

Temeshova

E. D.

Темешова Екатерина Дмитриевна

119048 Москва, ул. Трубецкая, д. 8, стр. 2

Ekaterina D. Temeshova

8 bldg. 2, Trubetskaya Str., Moscow 119048

https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8878-0974

Сафарова

Н. Г.

Safarova

N. G.

Сафарова Нисаханым Гурбан кызы

AZ1143 Баку, проспект Гусейна Джавида, д. 33

Nisakhanim G. Safarova

8 bldg. 2, Trubetskaya Str., Moscow 119048

33 Huseyn Javid Avenue, Baku, AZ1143

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7415-4633

Макацария

А. Д.

Makatsariya

A. D.

Макацария Александр Давидович, д.м.н., проф., академик РАН

Scopus Author ID: 57222220144. WoS ResearcherID: M-5660-2016

119048 Москва, ул. Трубецкая, д. 8, стр. 2

Alexander D. Makatsariya, MD, Dr Sci Med, Prof., Academician of RAS

Scopus Author ID: 57222220144. WoS ResearcherID: M-5660-2016

8 bldg. 2, Trubetskaya Str., Moscow 119048

ФГАОУ ВО Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации (Сеченовский Университет)РоссияSechenov UniversityRussian Federation

Бакинский филиал ФГАОУ ВО Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации (Сеченовский Университет)АзербайджанBaku Branch of Sechenov UniversityAzerbaijan

Институт Превентивной и Социальной Медицины; АНО ДПО «Московский медико-социальный институт имени Ф.П. Гааза»; ФГБУ «Федеральный научно-клинический центр медицинской реабилитации и курортологии Федерального медико-биологического агентства»РоссияInstitute for Preventive and Social Medicine; Moscow Haass Medical – Social Institute; Scientific and Clinical Center for Medical Rehabilitation and Balneology, Federal Medical-Biological AgencyRussian Federation

2026

13072026

203

480–490

2026

Воробьев А.В., Солопова А.Г., Бицадзе В.О., Хизроева Д.Х., Макацария Н.А., Алиева Э.Н., Гаджибала З.Р., Блинов Д.В., Темешова Е.Д., Сафарова Н.Г., Макацария А.Д.

Vorobev A.V., Solopova A.G., Bitsadze V.O., Khizroeva J.K., Makatsariya N.A., Alieva E.N., Hajibala Z.R., Blinov D.V., Temeshova E.D., Safarova N.G., Makatsariya A.D.

Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

https://www.gynecology.su/jour/article/view/2877

Cancer-associated thrombosis is traditionally viewed mainly in the context of venous thromboembolism, however, the spectrum of thrombotic complications is markedly broader in patients with cancer. Apart from deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, it may include arterial thrombosis, cerebral venous thrombosis, splanchnic vein thrombosis, ovarian and renal vein thrombosis, as well as treatment- and immune-associated thrombotic disorders. The aim of this review is to discuss rare forms and atypical sites for cancer-associated thrombosis by covering their clinical significance, pathogenetic basis, association with anticancer therapy as well as concomitant prothrombotic conditions. The article discusses the main mechanisms underlying tumor-associated hypercoagulability, including the role for endothelial dysfunction, platelet activation, neutrophil extracellular traps, and thromboinflammation. Special attention is paid to arterial thrombosis, breast cancer therapy, cerebral venous thrombosis, abdominal vein thrombosis, COVID-19-associated coagulopathy as well as vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia. Timely recognition of such conditions requires a multidisciplinary approach, proper imaging, and assessment of tumor-, patient-, and treatment-related risk factors.

Рак-ассоциированный тромбоз традиционно рассматривается преимущественно в контексте венозной тромбоэмболии, однако спектр тромботических осложнений у онкологических пациентов значительно шире. Помимо тромбоза глубоких вен и тромбоэмболии легочной артерии, он может включать артериальные тромбозы, церебральный венозный тромбоз, спланхнические венозные тромбозы, тромбоз яичниковых и почечных вен, а также терапия- и иммуно-ассоциированные формы тромботических нарушений. Цель обзора: рассмотреть редкие формы и атипичные локализации рак-ассоциированного тромбоза с позиций их клинического значения, патогенетической обусловленности, связи с противоопухолевой терапией и сопутствующими протромботическими состояниями. В статье обсуждаются основные механизмы опухоль-ассоциированной гиперкоагуляции, роль эндотелиопатии, активации тромбоцитов, нейтрофильных внеклеточных ловушек и тромбовоспаления. Отдельное внимание уделено артериальным тромбозам, терапии рака молочной железы, церебральному венозному тромбозу, абдоминальным венозным тромбозам, COVID-19-ассоциированной коагулопатии и вакцин-индуцированной тромботической тромбоцитопении. Подчеркивается, что своевременное распознавание таких состояний требует междисциплинарного подхода, адекватной визуализации и оценки опухоль-, пациент- и терапия-зависимых факторов риска.

рак-ассоциированный тромбозатипичные локализации тромбозаартериальный тромбозцеребральный венозный тромбозспланхнический венозный тромбозрак молочной железыпротивоопухолевая терапиятромбовоспаление

cancer-associated thrombosisatypical thrombosis locationsarterial thrombosiscerebral venous thrombosissplanchnic venous thrombosisbreast cancerantitumor therapythromboinflammation

References1

Kim A.S., Khorana A.A., McCrae K.R. Mechanisms and biomarkers of cancer-associated thrombosis. Transl Res. 2020;225:33–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trsl.2020.06.012.

Mulder F.I., Horváth-Puhó E., van Es N. Venous thromboembolism in cancer patients: a population-based cohort study. Blood. 2021;137(14):1959–69. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.2020007338.

Grilz E., Königsbrügge O., Posch F. Frequency, risk factors, and impact on mortality of arterial thromboembolism in patients with cancer. Haematologica. 2018;103(9):1549–56. https://doi.org/10.3324/haematol.2018.192419.

Canale M.L., Bisceglia I., Lestuzzi C., Parrini I.; ANMCO Cardio-Oncology Task Force. Arterial thrombosis in cancer: spotlight on the neglected vessels. Anticancer Res. 2019;39(9):4619–25. https://doi.org/10.21873/anticanres.13642.

Vedovati M.C., Shu L., Henninger N. et al. Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis associated with cancer: analysis of the ACTION-CVT study. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2024;57(6):1008–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11239-024-02997-w.

Sant'Antonio E., Guglielmelli P., Pieri L. et al. Splanchnic vein thromboses associated with myeloproliferative neoplasms: An international, retrospective study on 518 cases. Am J Hematol. 2020;95(2):156–66. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajh.25677.

Макацария А.Д., Слуханчук Е.В., Бицадзе В.О. и др. Концепция тромбовоспаления как основы тромботических осложнений, прогрессии опухоли и метастазирования у онкогинекологических больных. Акушерство, Гинекология и Репродукция. 2024;18(4):450–63. https://doi.org/10.17749/2313-7347/ob.gyn.rep.2024.542.

Makatsariya A.D., Slukhanchuk E.V., Bitsadze V.O. et al. The concept of thromboinflammation underlying thrombotic complications, tumor progression and metastasis in gynecological cancer patients. [Koncepciya trombovospaleniya kak osnovy tromboticheskih oslozhnenij, progressii opuholi i metastazirovaniya u onkoginekologicheskih bol'nyh]. Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproduction. 2024;18(4):450–63. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17749/2313-7347/ob.gyn.rep.2024.542.

Tsantes A.G., Petrou E., Tsante K.A. et al. Cancer-associated thrombosis: pathophysiology, laboratory assessment, and current guidelines. Cancers (Basel). 2024;16(11):2082. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16112082.

Zdanyte M., Borst O., Münzer P. NET-(works) in arterial and venous thrombo-occlusive diseases. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2023;10:1155512. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2023.1155512.

Peng Q., Zhu J., Zhang Y., Jing Y. Blood hypercoagulability and thrombosis mechanisms in cancer patients – a brief review. Heliyon. 2024;10(19):e38831. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e38831.

Li Y., Wang H., Zhao Z. et al. Effects of the interactions between platelets with other cells in tumor growth and progression. Front Immunol. 2023;14:1165989. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1165989.

Koizume S., Miyagi Y. Tissue factor in cancer-associated thromboembolism: possible mechanisms and clinical applications. Br J Cancer. 2022;127(12):2099–107. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41416-022-01968-3.

Grover S.P., Hisada Y.M., Kasthuri R.S. et al. Cancer therapy-associated thrombosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2021;41(4):1291–305. https://doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.120.314378.

Bolzacchini E., Pomero F., Fazio M. et al. Risk of venous and arterial thromboembolic events in women with advanced breast cancer treated with CDK 4/6 inhibitors: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Thromb Res. 2021;208:190–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.thromres.2021.11.009.

Watson N.W., Shatzel J.J., Al-Samkari H. Cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitor-associated thromboembolism: a critical evaluation of the current evidence. J Thromb Haemost. 2023;21(4):758–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtha.2022.12.001.

Moik F., Ay C. Venous and arterial thromboembolism in patients with cancer treated with targeted anti-cancer therapies. Thromb Res. 2022;213 Suppl 1:S58–S65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.thromres.2022.01.004.

Falanga A., Marchetti M. Cancer-associated thrombosis: enhanced awareness and pathophysiologic complexity. J Thromb Haemost. 2023;21(6):1397–408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtha.2023.02.029.

Barbui T., Ghirardi A., Carobbio A. et al. Thrombosis in myeloproliferative neoplasms: a viewpoint on its impact on myelofibrosis, mortality, and solid tumors. Blood Cancer J. 2024;14(1):188. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41408-024-01169-6.

Indes J.E., Koleilat I., Hatch A.N. et al. Early experience with arterial thromboembolic complications in patients with COVID-19. J Vasc Surg. 2021;73(2):381–389.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2020.07.089.

Levi M., van Es N. COVID-19 associated coagulopathy and thrombosis in cancer. Thromb Res. 2022;213 Suppl 1:S72–S76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.thromres.2021.12.006.

Illarramendi J., Mauleon S., Sarasibar H., Illarramendi J.J. Incidental ovarian vein thrombosis during breast cancer therapy with tamoxifen and trastuzumab. Cureus. 2025;17(9):e92955. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.92955.

Khorana A.A., Mackman N., Falanga A. et al. Cancer-associated venous thromboembolism. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2022;8(1):11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41572-022-00336-y.

Bekendam R.H., Ravid K. Mechanisms of platelet activation in cancer-associated thrombosis: a focus on myeloproliferative neoplasms. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2023;11:1207395. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2023.1207395.

Bekendam R.H., Ravid K. Mechanisms of platelet activation in cancerassociated thrombosis: a focus on myeloproliferative neoplasms. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2023;11:1207395. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2023.1207395.

Gindri Dos Santos B., Li Z., Barrett T.J. Tumor-platelet crosstalk in cancer: mechanisms, thrombotic risk, and translational opportunities. Blood Adv. 2026 May 20:bloodadvances.2026019991. https://doi.org/10.1182/bloodadvances.2026019991. Epub ahead of print.

de Melo I.G., Tavares V., Pereira D., Medeiros R. Contribution of endothelial dysfunction to cancer susceptibility and progression: A comprehensive narrative review on the genetic risk component. Curr Issues Mol Biol. 2024;46(5):4845–73. https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46050292.

Donisan T., Balanescu D.V., Abe J.I. et al. Vascular toxicities of cancer therapies: 2025 update. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2026;46(2):e319867. https://doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.125.319867.

Ansardamavandi A., Tafazzoli-Shadpour M. Tumour endothelial cells in cancer: Chemo-physical crosstalk and angiogenic signalling in the tumour microenvironment. Cell Signal. 2026;141:112391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cellsig.2026.112391.

Lalechou K., Pantazi D. Cancer-associated arterial thrombosis: mechanisms and risk factors. Oncol Res. 2026;34(5):5. https://doi.org/10.32604/or.2026.074452.

Feldman S., Gupta D, Navi B.B. et al. Tumor genomic profile is associated with arterial thromboembolism risk in patients with solid cancer. JACC CardioOncol. 2023;5(2):246–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaccao.2023.01.009.

Gan J., Zhang X., Guo J. The role of platelets in tumor immune evasion and metastasis: mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Cancer Cell Int. 2025;25(1):258. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12935-025-03877-w.

Liu A., Naymagon L., Tremblay D. Splanchnic vein thrombosis in myeloproliferative neoplasms: treatment considerations and unmet needs. Cancers (Basel). 2022;15(1):11. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15010011.

Muscat-Baron L., Borg A.L., Attard L.M. et al. Cancer-associated abdominal vein thrombosis. Cancers (Basel). 2023;15(21):5293. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15215293.

Cohen O., Caiano L.M., Levy-Mendelovich S. Cancer-associated splanchnic vein thrombosis: Clinical implications and management considerations. Thromb Res. 2024;234:75–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.thromres.2023.12.014.

Jiménez-Fonseca P., Gallardo E., Arranz Arija F. Consensus on prevention and treatment of cancer-associated thrombosis (CAT) in controversial clinical situations with low levels of evidence. Eur J Intern Med. 2022;100:33–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2022.02.020.

West M.T., Smith C.E., Kaempf A. et al. CDK 4/6 inhibitors are associated with a high incidence of thrombotic events in women with breast cancer in real-world practice. Eur J Haematol. 2021;106(5):634–42. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejh.13590.

Moik F., Chan W.E., Wiedemann S. et al. Incidence, risk factors, and outcomes of venous and arterial thromboembolism in immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy. Blood. 2021;137(12):1669–78. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.2020007878.

Strasenburg W., Jóźwicki J., Durślewicz J. et al. Tumor cell-induced platelet aggregation as an emerging therapeutic target for cancer therapy. Front Oncol. 2022;12:909767. https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2022.909767.

Vismara M., Manfredi M., Zarà M. et al. Proteomic and functional profiling of platelet-derived extracellular vesicles released under physiological or tumor-associated conditions. Cell Death Discov. 2022;8(1):467. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41420-022-01263-3.

Dhami S.P.S., Patmore S., Comerford C. et al. Breast cancer cells mediate endothelial cell activation, promoting von Willebrand factor release, tumor adhesion, and transendothelial migration. J Thromb Haemost. 2022;20(10):2350–65. https://doi.org/10.1111/jth.15794.

Nozawa K., Sawaki M., Iwata H. Abemaciclib plus endocrine therapy for hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative, node-positive, high-risk, early breast cancer. Lancet Oncol. 2023;24(3):e103. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(23)00014-1.

Didembourg M., Reda S., Oldenburg J. et al. Hemostatic imbalance induced by tamoxifen in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer patients: An observational study. Int J Lab Hematol. 2024;46(3):546–54. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijlh.14242.

Jia J., Tian C., Han W., Ma Q. Real-world assessment of thromboembolic risk associated with tamoxifen. Sci Rep. 2025;15(1):27820. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-13585-0.

Kirwan C.C., Blower E.L. Contemporary breast cancer treatmentassociated thrombosis. Thromb Res. 2022;213 Suppl 1:S8–S15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.thromres.2021.12.025.

Vazqez S., Das A., Spirollari E. et al. Inpatient outcomes of cerebral venous thrombosis in patients with malignancy throughout the United States. J Stroke. 2024;26(3):425–33. https://doi.org/10.5853/jos.2023.04098.

Orion D., Itsekson-Hayosh Z., Peretz S. et al. Janus kinase-2 V617F mutation and antiphospholipid syndrome in cerebral sinus venous thrombosis: natural history and retrospective bicenter analysis. Front Neurol. 2022;13:783795. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2022.783795.

van de Munckhof A., Verhoeven J.I., Vaartjes I.C.H. et al. Incidence of newly diagnosed cancer after cerebral venous thrombosis. JAMA Netw Open. 2025;8(2):e2458801. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.58801.

Sharaf B., Othman Z., Abu Faris H. et al. Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis in a patient treated with ribociclib for metastatic breast cancer. Case reports and literature review. SAGE Open Med Case Rep. 2024;12:2050313X241233190. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050313X241233190.

García-Villa A., Criado-Álvarez J.J., Carnevali M. et al. Cancer-associated splanchnic vein thrombosis: Clinical features upon diagnosis and shortterm outcomes. Thromb Res. 2023;231:84–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.thromres.2023.10.002.

Tremblay D., Winters A., Beckman J.D. et al. Splanchnic vein thrombosis associated with myeloproliferative neoplasms. Thromb Res. 2022;218:8– 16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.thromres.2022.08.003.

Monnet M., Dufrost V., Wahl D. et al. Epidemiology, natural history, diagnosis, and management of ovarian vein thrombosis: a scoping review. J Thromb Haemost. 2024;22(11):2991–3003. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtha.2024.07.033.

Greenman M., Bustamante B., Yeisley C. et al. Clinical relevance of ovarian vein thrombosis and the risk of secondary venous thromboembolic events in women with gynecologic cancers. Gynecol Oncol. 2022;166(Suppl 1):S234– S235. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-8258(22)01694-8.

Greenman M., Bustamante B., Yeisley C. et al. Clinical relevance of ovarian vein thrombosis and the risk of secondary venous thromboembolic events in women with gynecologic cancers. Gynecol Oncol. 2022;166(Suppl 1):S234–S235. https://doi.org/10.1016/S00908258(22)01694-8.

Kc M., Bhattarai H.B., Subedi P. et al. Renal vein thrombosis in a patient secondary to high-grade rhabdoid renal cell carcinoma: a case report and review of literature. Ann Med Surg (Lond). 2024;86(4):2194–9. https://doi.org/10.1097/MS9.0000000000001923.

Kaptein F.H.J., van der Hulle T., Braken S.J.E. et al. Prevalence, treatment, and prognosis of tumor thrombi in renal cell carcinoma. JACC CardioOncol. 2022;4(4):522–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaccao.2022.07.011.

Conway E.M., Mackman N., Warren R.Q. et al. Understanding COVID-19-associated coagulopathy. Nat Rev Immunol. 2022;22(10):639– 49. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41577-022-00762-9.

Brenner B., Ay C., Gal G.L. et al. Venous thromboembolism risk, prophylaxis and management in cancer patients with COVID-19: An unmet medical need. Thromb Update. 2022;6:100098. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tru.2022.100098.

Воробьев А.В., Эйнуллаева С.Э., Бородулин А.С. и др. Влияние COVID-19 на тромботические осложнения у онкологических больных. Акушерство, Гинекология и Репродукция. 2024;18(3):286–99. https://doi.org/10.17749/2313-7347/ob.gyn.rep.2024.519.

Vorobev A.V., Eynullaeva S.E., Borodulin A.S. et al. COVID-19 impact on thrombotic complications in cancer patients. [Vliyanie COVID-19 na tromboticheskie oslozhneniya u onkologicheskih bol'nyh]. Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproduction. 2024;18(3):286–99. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17749/2313-7347/ob.gyn.rep.2024.519.

Dimakakos E., Gomatou G., Catalano M. et al; CANCER-COVID-19 THROMBOSIS COLLABORATIVE GROUP, endorsed by VAS-European Independent Foundation in Angiology/Vascular Medicine, UEMS Vascular Medicine/Angiology and European Society of Vascular Medicine, and supported by the Balkan Working Group for Prevention and Treatment of Venous Thromboembolism and Hellenic Association of Lung Cancer. Thromboembolic disease in patients with cancer and COVID-19: risk factors, prevention and practical thromboprophylaxis RecommendationsState-of-the-Art. Anticancer Res. 2022;42(7):3261–74. https://doi.org/10.21873/anticanres.15815.

Макацария А.Д., Акиньшина С.В., Воробьев А.В. и др. Иммунные парадоксы вакцининдуцированной тромботической тромбоцитопении (ВИТТ), гепарин-индуцированной тромбоцитопении (ГИТ) и тромбозов: от общих механизмов к уникальному течению ВИТТ и ГИТ. Акушерство, Гинекология и Репродукция. 2025;19(1):97–109. https://doi.org/10.17749/2313-7347/ob.gyn.rep.2025.610.

Makatsariya A.D., Akinshina S.V., Vorobev A.V. et al. Immune paradoxes of vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITТ), heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) and thrombosis: from general mechanisms to the unique VITТ and HIT course. [Immunnye paradoksy vakcininducirovannoj tromboticheskoj trombocitopenii (VITT), geparin-inducirovannoj trombocitopenii (GIT) i trombozov: ot obshchih mekhanizmov k unikal'nomu techeniyu VITT i GIT]. Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproduction. 2025;19(1):97–109. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17749/2313-7347/ob.gyn.rep.2025.610.

Warkentin TE. Platelet-activating anti-PF4 disorders: An overview. Semin Hematol. 2022;59(2):59–71. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.seminhematol.2022.02.005.

Kuter DJ. Treatment of chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia in patients with non-hematologic malignancies. Haematologica. 2022;107(6):1243–63. https://doi.org/10.3324/haematol.2021.279512.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.