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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">akusherstvo</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproduction</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Акушерство, Гинекология и Репродукция</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2313-7347</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2500-3194</issn><publisher><publisher-name>IRBIS LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17749/2313-7347/ob.gyn.rep.2025.708</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">akusherstvo-2642</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ОRIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>The role of C3 and C4 complement components in postmenopausal vulvovaginal atrophy with a different clinical history</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Роль компонентов С3 и С4  системы комплемента при  вульвовагинальной атрофии  в постменопаузе с различным  клиническим анамнезом</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1775-9923</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гридасова</surname><given-names>О. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gridasova</surname><given-names>O. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Гридасова Ольга Сергеевна</p><p>115191 Москва, ул. 3-я Рощинская, д. 6</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Olga S. Gridasova, MD</p><p>6 3-ya Rozhinskaya Str., Moscow 115191</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">olga_s@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7456-2386</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Солопова</surname><given-names>А. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Solopova</surname><given-names>A. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Солопова Антонина Григорьевна, д.м.н., проф.</p><p>Scopus Author ID: 6505479504. WoS ResearcherID: Q-1385-2015</p><p>119048 Москва, ул. Трубецкая, д. 8, стр. 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Antonina G. Solopova, MD, Dr Sci Med, Prof. </p><p> </p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0725-9686</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хизроева</surname><given-names>Д. Х.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Khizroeva</surname><given-names>J. Kh.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Хизроева Джамиля Хизриевна, д.м.н., проф.</p><p>Scopus Author ID: 57194547147. WoS ResearcherID: F-8384-2017</p><p>119048 Москва, ул. Трубецкая, д. 8, стр. 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Jamilya Kh. Khizroeva, Dr Sci Med, Prof. </p><p>Scopus Author ID: 57194547147. WoS ResearcherID: F-8384-2017</p><p>8 bldg. 2, Trubetskaya Str., Moscow 119048</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8404-1042</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бицадзе</surname><given-names>В. О.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bitsadze</surname><given-names>V. O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Бицадзе Виктория Омаровна, д.м.н., проф., профессор РАН</p><p>Scopus Author ID: 6506003478. WoS ResearcherID: F-8409-2017</p><p>119048 Москва, ул. Трубецкая, д. 8, стр. 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Victoria O. Bitsadze, MD, Dr Sci Med, Prof., Professor RAS</p><p>Scopus Author ID: 6506003478. WoS ResearcherID: F-8409-2017</p><p>8 bldg. 2, Trubetskaya Str., Moscow 119048</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1115-3144</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Иванов</surname><given-names>А. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivanov</surname><given-names>A. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Иванов Александр Евгеньевич, к.м.н.</p><p>117152 Москва, Загородное шоссе, 18А, стр. 7</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexander E. Ivanov, MD, PhD.</p><p>18A bldg. 7, Zagorodnoe Shosse, Moscow 117152</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6619-6179</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Галкин</surname><given-names>В. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Galkin</surname><given-names>V. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Галкин Всеволод Николаевич, д.м.н., проф.</p><p>117152 Москва, Загородное шоссе, 18А, стр. 7</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vsevolod N. Galkin, MD, Dr Sci Med, Prof. </p><p>18A bldg. 7, Zagorodnoe Shosse, Moscow 117152</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7415-4633</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Макацария</surname><given-names>А. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Makatsariya</surname><given-names>A. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Макацария Александр Давидович, д.м.н., проф., академик РАН</p><p>Scopus Author ID: 57222220144. WoS ResearcherID: M-5660-2016</p><p>119048 Москва, ул. Трубецкая, д. 8, стр. 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexander D. Makatsariya, MD, Dr Sci Med, Prof., Academician of RAS</p><p>Scopus Author ID: 57222220144. WoS ResearcherID: M-5660-2016</p><p>8 bldg. 2, Trubetskaya Str., Moscow 119048</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Клиника «Real Trans Hair»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Clinic "Real Trans Hair"</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГАОУ ВО Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации (Сеченовский Университет)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Sechenov University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ГБУЗ «Городская клиническая больница имени С.С. Юдина Департамента здравоохранения города Москвы»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Yudin City Clinical Hospital, Moscow Healthcare Department</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>19</day><month>01</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>19</volume><issue>6</issue><elocation-id>849–859</elocation-id><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Gridasova O.S., Solopova A.G., Khizroeva J.K., Bitsadze V.O., Ivanov A.E., Galkin V.N., Makatsariya A.D., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Гридасова О.С., Солопова А.Г., Хизроева Д.Х., Бицадзе В.О., Иванов А.Е., Галкин В.Н., Макацария А.Д.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Gridasova O.S., Solopova A.G., Khizroeva J.K., Bitsadze V.O., Ivanov A.E., Galkin V.N., Makatsariya A.D.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.gynecology.su/jour/article/view/2642">https://www.gynecology.su/jour/article/view/2642</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Vulvovaginal atrophy (VVA) is characterized by severe hypoestrogenism, impaired microcirculation, chronic inflammation, and decreased mucosal regeneration. In women with a varying clinical history, including applied antitumor treatment, such changes may differ in severity level. Despite that the role for pro-inflammatory cytokines in VVA has been extensively investigated, systemic immuno-inflammatory changes, primarily resulting in complement activation remained understudied.</p></sec><sec><title>Aim</title><p>Aim: to assess blood serum levels of C3 and C4 complement component levels in postmenopausal women with VVA coupled to clinical history, including various types of antitumor therapy, as well as in women without oncology history and in control group of healthy women.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and Methods</title><p>Materials and Methods. A cross-sectional comparative study included five groups of postmenopausal women (n = 215): VVA after radical surgery (n = 52); VVA after chemoradiotherapy (CRT) (n = 27); VVA during antiestrogen therapy (n = 48); VVA without oncology history (n = 53); control group – healthy postmenopausal women (n = 35). The blood serum C3 and C4 levels were quantitated by immunoturbidimetry. The statistical analysis included the Kruskal–Wallis criterion and pairwise intergroup comparisons using the Mann–Whitney criterion with the Bonferroni correction.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. In all studied groups C3 and C4 levels were within the reference range, however, they differed significantly between the groups depending on the clinical history. The most prominent intergroup differences were observed in patients after CRT, who had higher C3 (1.62 g/L) and C4 (0.32 g/L) levels compared with control group (1.12 g/L for C3; 0.19 g/L for C4). In antiestrogenic therapy group (group 3) and surgical treatment group (group 1), C3 (1.48 g/L and 1.35 g/L, respectively) and C4 (0.28 g/L and 0.25 g/L, respectively) levels held an intermediate place between CRT group and control group. In women with VVA without oncology history, C3 (1.28 g/L) and C4 (0.23 g/L) levels were comparable to those in control group.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The data obtained evidence about variability of the systemic immuno-inflammatory profile in VVA driven by patient clinical history. Within the framework of the study, changes in C3 and C4 levels reflected general intergroup differences, which, however, remained within the reference range. The results emphasize a need for further research aimed at studying activated complement system components and their clinical significance in VVA.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Вульвовагинальная атрофия (ВВА) характеризуется выраженной гипоэстрогенией, нарушением микроциркуляции, хроническим воспалением и сниженной регенерацией слизистой оболочки. У женщин с различным клиническим анамнезом, включая перенесенное противоопухолевое лечение, данные изменения могут иметь неодинаковую степень выраженности. Несмотря на то что роль провоспалительных цитокинов при ВВА активно изучается, системные иммуновоспалительные изменения, в частности активация комплемента, изучены недостаточно.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель: оценить содержание компонентов C3 и C4 системы комплемента в сыворотке крови у женщин с ВВА в постменопаузе в зависимости от клинического анамнеза, включая различные виды противоопухолевой терапии, а также у женщин без онкологического анамнеза и в контрольной группе здоровых женщин.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. В поперечное сравнительное исследование были включены 215 женщин, распределенных на 5 групп: ВВА после хирургического лечения (n = 52); ВВА после химиолучевой терапии (ХЛТ) (n = 27); ВВА на фоне антиэстрогенной терапии (n = 48); ВВА без онкологического анамнеза (n = 53); контроль – здоровые постменопаузальные женщины (n = 35). Уровни C3 и C4 в сыворотке крови определяли методом иммунотурбидиметрии. Статистический анализ включал критерий Краскела–Уоллиса и попарные межгрупповые сравнения с использованием критерия Манна–Уитни с поправкой Бонферрони.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Уровни C3 и C4 во всех исследуемых группах находились в пределах референсных значений, однако статистически значимо различались между группами в зависимости от клинического анамнеза. Наиболее выраженные межгрупповые различия наблюдались у пациенток после ХЛТ, у которых регистрировались более высокие значения C3 (1,62 ± 0,25 г/л) и C4 (0,32 ± 0,07 г/л) по сравнению с контрольной группой (1,12 ± 0,18 г/л для С3; 0,19 ± 0,04 г/л для С4). В группе антиэстрогенной терапии (группа 3) и хирургического лечения (группа 1) значения C3 (1,48 ± 0,23 г/л и 1,35 ± 0,22 г/л, соответственно) и C4 (0,28 ± 0,06 г/л и 0,25 ± 0,06 г/л, соответственно) занимали промежуточное положение между показателями в группе ХЛТ и в контрольной группе. У женщин с ВВА без онкологического анамнеза уровни C3 (1,28 ± 0,20 г/л) и C4 (0,23 ± 0,05 г/л) были сопоставимы с контрольной группой.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Полученные данные свидетельствуют о вариабельности системного иммуновоспалительного профиля при ВВА в зависимости от клинического анамнеза. В рамках данного исследования изменения уровней C3 и C4 отражали общие межгрупповые различия, оставаясь в пределах референсных значений. Результаты подчеркивают необходимость дальнейших исследований, направленных на изучение активированных компонентов системы комплемента и их клинической значимости при ВВА.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>вульвовагинальная атрофия</kwd><kwd>ВВА</kwd><kwd>система комплемента</kwd><kwd>C3</kwd><kwd>C4</kwd><kwd>химиолучевая терапия</kwd><kwd>ХЛТ</kwd><kwd>антиэстрогенная терапия</kwd><kwd>постменопауза</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>vulvovaginal atrophy</kwd><kwd>VVA</kwd><kwd>complement system</kwd><kwd>C3</kwd><kwd>C4</kwd><kwd>chemoradiotherapy</kwd><kwd>CRT</kwd><kwd>antiestrogen therapy</kwd><kwd>postmenopause</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cox P., Panay N. 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