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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">akusherstvo</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproduction</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Акушерство, Гинекология и Репродукция</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2313-7347</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2500-3194</issn><publisher><publisher-name>IRBIS LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17749/2313-7347/ob.gyn.rep.2025.680</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">akusherstvo-2620</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ОRIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Oligozoospermia: etiology, pathogenesis, and algorithm for differential diagnostics</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Олигозооспермия: этиология, патогенез и алгоритм дифференциальной диагностики</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4696-9290</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Иванов</surname><given-names>Н. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivanov</surname><given-names>N. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Иванов Никита Владимирович, к.м.н.</p><p>Scopus Author ID: 57221190481.</p><p>WoS ResearcherID: JRZ-0207-2023. </p><p>191015 Санкт-Петербург, Кирочная ул., д 41</p><p>Республика Узбекистан, 170127 Андижан, ул. Атабекова, д. 1</p><p>Россия, 197227 Санкт-Петербург, ул. Гаккелевская, д. 33, корп. 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nikita V. Ivanov, MD, PhD</p><p>Scopus Author ID: 57221190481</p><p>WoS ResearcherID: JRZ-0207-2023</p><p>41 Kirochnaya Str., Saint Petersburg 191015</p><p>1 Atabekov Str., Andijan 170127, Republic of Uzbekistan</p><p>33 bldg. 1, Gakkelevskaya Str., Saint Petersburg 197227</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">baltic.forum@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1718-0157</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Амандуллаев</surname><given-names>К. З.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Amandullaev</surname><given-names>K. Z.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Амандуллаев Комолиддин Зикиряевич </p><p>100020 Ташкент, ул. Кукча-Дарвоза, 42а</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Komoliddin Z. Amandullaev, MD.</p><p>42a Kukcha-Darvoza Str., Tashkent 100020</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5641-9239</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Юсупова</surname><given-names>Ш. К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yusupova</surname><given-names>Sh. K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Юсупова Шахноза Кадиржановна, д.м.н.</p><p>Scopus Author ID: 59418272100.</p><p>WoS ResearcherID: AEX-6726-2022.</p><p>170127 Андижан, ул. Атабекова, д. 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Shakhnоza K. Yusupova, MD, Dr Sci Med.</p><p>Scopus Author ID: 59418272100</p><p>WoS ResearcherID: AEX-6726-2022</p><p>1 Atabekov Str., Andijan 170127</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2397-1312</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Выходцев</surname><given-names>С. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vykhodtsev</surname><given-names>S. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Выходцев Сергей Владимирович, к.м.н. </p><p>WoS ResearcherID: O-7426-2014. </p><p>191015 Санкт-Петербург, Кирочная ул., д 41</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sergei V. Vykhodtsev, MD, PhD</p><p>WoS ResearcherID: O-7426-2014</p><p>41 Kirochnaya Str., Saint Petersburg 191015</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0315-922X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Медведева</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Medvedeva</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Медведева Екатерина Владимировна </p><p>197227 Санкт-Петербург, ул. Гаккелевская, д. 33, корп. 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ekaterina V. Medvedeva</p><p>33 bldg. 1, Gakkelevskaya Str., Saint Petersburg 197227</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-5"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Северо-Западный государственный медицинский университет имени И.И. Мечникова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации; Андижанский государственный медицинский институт; АО группа компаний «Медси»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Mechnikov North-Western State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation; Andijan State Medical Institute; Medsi Group of Companies JSC</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ООО «Генотехнология Ташкент»</institution><country>Узбекистан</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Genotechnology LLC</institution><country>Uzbekistan</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Андижанский государственный медицинский институт</institution><country>Узбекистан</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Andijan State Medical Institute</institution><country>Uzbekistan</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Северо-Западный государственный медицинский университет имени И.И. Мечникова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Mechnikov North-Western State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-5"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>АО группа компаний «Медси»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Medsi Group of Companies JSC</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>19</day><month>01</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>19</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>890</fpage><lpage>903</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Ivanov N.V., Amandullaev K.Z., Yusupova S.K., Vykhodtsev S.V., Medvedeva E.V., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Иванов Н.В., Амандуллаев К.З., Юсупова Ш.К., Выходцев С.В., Медведева Е.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ivanov N.V., Amandullaev K.Z., Yusupova S.K., Vykhodtsev S.V., Medvedeva E.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.gynecology.su/jour/article/view/2620">https://www.gynecology.su/jour/article/view/2620</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Aim</title><p>Aim: to compare international and Russian epidemiological data on the causes of oligozoospermia and to develop differential diagnostics and patient management algorithm by taking into account endocrine, genetic and immunological factors.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and Methods</title><p>Materials and Methods. A retrospective observational study included 210 men aged 25-45 years with confirmed oligozoospermia and infertility complaints. All patients underwent semen analysis according to the World Health Organization standards (2021), blood hormone testing (follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, total testosterone, prolactin, thyroid-stimulating hormone, estradiol, inhibin B, anti-Müllerian hormone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone), scrotal ultrasound, as well as genetic testing (karyotyping and Y-chromosome microdeletions). The data provided by international clinical guidelines, European Association of Urology (EAU, 2024), American Urological Association/American Society for Reproductive Medicine (AUA/ASRM, 2024), publications in Russian and English retrieved from PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus and eLibrary databases were analyzed.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. A wide spectrum of oligozoospermia causes was identified: endocrine disorders (hypo- and hypergonadotropic hypogonadism), Klinefelter syndrome, Y-chromosome microdeletions, varicocele, and obstructive forms. The pathophysiological mechanisms of hypogonadism, the clinical significance of Klinefelter syndrome, features of Y-chromosome azoospermia factor deletions, and the role of varicocele as a potentially reversible cause of male infertility are discussed in detail.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. Differential diagnosis of oligozoospermia requires a comprehensive, stepwise approach. Incorporating repeated semen analysis, hormonal profiling, ultrasound, and genetic testing into the diagnostic algorithm enables identification of reversible causes (varicocele, hypogonadotropic hypogonadism) as well as timely diagnostics of genetic forms (Klinefelter syndrome, Y-chromosome microdeletions). This ensures a personalized therapeutic strategy and improves the effectiveness of assisted reproductive technologies.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель: сравнить международные и российские эпидемиологические данные по причинам развития олигозооспермии и разработать алгоритм дифференциальной диагностики и ведения пациентов с учетом эндокринных, генетических и иммунологических факторов.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. В ретроспективное наблюдательное исследование включены 210 мужчин в возрасте 25–45 лет с подтвержденной олигозооспермией и жалобами на бесплодие. Всем пациентам проведены анализы спермы по стандартам Всемирной организации здравоохранения (2021), исследования содержания гормонов в крови – фолликулостимулирующего гормона, лютеинизирующего гормона, общего тестостерона, пролактина, тиреотропного гормона, эстрадиола, ингибина В, антимюллерова гормона, 17-ОН прогестерона, ультразвуковое исследование органов мошонки, генетическое обследование (кариотип, микроделеции Y-хромосомы). Для сопоставления с результатами предыдущих исследований использованы данные международных клинических рекомендаций, Европейской ассоциации урологов (англ. European Association of Urology, EAU, 2024), Американской урологической ассоциации/Американского общества репродуктивной медицины (англ. American Urological Association/American Society for Reproductive Medicine, AUA/ASRM, 2024), публикации из PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus и eLibrary н русском и английском языках.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Выявлен широкий спектр причин олигозооспермии: эндокринные нарушения (гипо- и гипергонадотропный гипогонадизм), синдром Клайнфельтера, микроделеции Y-хромосомы, варикоцеле, обструктивные формы. Подробно рассмотрены патофизиологические механизмы гипогонадизма, клиническое значение синдрома Клайнфельтера, особенности AZF делеций, а также роль варикоцеле как потенциально обратимой причины мужского бесплодия.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Дифференциальная диагностика олигозооспермии требует комплексного и поэтапного подхода. Включение в алгоритм повторных исследований спермы, гормонального профиля, ультразвуковой и генетической диагностики позволяет не только выявлять обратимые причины (варикоцеле, гипогонадотропный гипогонадизм), но и своевременно диагностировать генетические формы (синдром Клайнфельтера, Y-микроделеции). Это обеспечивает персонализированный выбор лечебной тактики и повышает эффективность применения вспомогательных репродуктивных технологий.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>олигозооспермия</kwd><kwd>мужское бесплодие</kwd><kwd>гипогонадизм</kwd><kwd>гипогонадотропный гипогонадизм</kwd><kwd>синдром Клайнфельтера</kwd><kwd>микроделеции Y-хромосомы</kwd><kwd>варикоцеле</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>oligozoospermia</kwd><kwd>male infertility</kwd><kwd>hypogonadism</kwd><kwd>hypogonadotropic hypogonadism</kwd><kwd>Klinefelter syndrome</kwd><kwd>Y-chromosome microdeletions</kwd><kwd>varicocele</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">World Health Organization. WHO laboratory manual for the examination and processing of human semen. 6th ed. 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