<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">akusherstvo</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproduction</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Акушерство, Гинекология и Репродукция</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2313-7347</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2500-3194</issn><publisher><publisher-name>IRBIS LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17749/2313-7347/ob.gyn.rep.2025.706</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">akusherstvo-2619</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ОRIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Preeclampsia early risk stratification based on a multiparametric machine learning model and routinely collected clinical data</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Ранняя стратификация риска преэклампсии на основе мультипараметрической модели машинного обучения и рутинных клинических данных</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7834-096X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ившин</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivshin</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ившин Александр Анатольевич - к.м.н.</p><p>Scopus Author ID: 57222275843</p><p>WoS ResearcherID: AAG-1507-2020</p><p>eLibrary SPIN-code: 8196-6605</p><p>185910 Петрозаводск, проспект Ленина, д. 33</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Aleksandr A. Ivshin - МD, PhD.</p><p>Scopus Author ID: 57222275843</p><p>WoS ResearcherID: AAG-1507-2020</p><p>eLibrary SPIN-code: 8196-6605</p><p>33 Lenin Avenue, Petrozavodsk 185910</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">scipeople@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2722-5976</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Малышев</surname><given-names>Н. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Malyshev</surname><given-names>N. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Малышев Никита Андреевич</p><p>Scopus Author ID: 59680060400</p><p>WoS ResearcherID: OVY-0768-2025</p><p>185910 Петрозаводск, проспект Ленина, д. 33</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nikita A. Malyshev - МD.</p><p>Scopus Author ID: 59680060400</p><p>WoS ResearcherID: OVY-0768-2025</p><p>33 Lenin Avenue, Petrozavodsk 185910</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Петрозаводский государственный университет»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Petrozavodsk State University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>12</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>20</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>111</fpage><lpage>129</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Ivshin A.A., Malyshev N.A., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Ившин А.А., Малышев Н.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ivshin A.A., Malyshev N.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.gynecology.su/jour/article/view/2619">https://www.gynecology.su/jour/article/view/2619</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Preeclampsia (PE) remains one of the leading causes of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality, while most cases are still diagnosed at the stage of clinically overt disease. Complex prediction algorithms incorporating biochemical biomarkers and Doppler velocimetry demonstrate high accuracy but are poorly suited for large-scale screening in resource-limited settings.</p></sec><sec><title>Aim</title><p>Aim: to develop, internally and externally validate mathematical models for predicting PE risk at gestational age of ≤ 16 weeks based on routine electronic health records (EНRs) data and machine learning methods.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and Methods</title><p>Materials and Methods. A retrospective cohort study was conducted using de-identified EНRs of pregnant women from eight regions of the Russian Federation spanning 2010–2025. The analytical dataset included 19,955 visits at gestational age ≤ 16 weeks. The composite outcome comprised PE, eclampsia and HELLP syndrome identified by ICD-10 codes. A broad spectrum of clinical, medical history and anthropometric variables was evaluated as potential predictors. Models (logistic regression, gradient boosting, Random Forest, Extra Trees) were trained with adjustment for class imbalance; feature selection was based on SHAP values (SHapley Additive exPlanations indices). Internal performance was assessed on a held-out test set, and independent external validation was performed on a subsample from healthcare facilities of the Republic of Karelia (n = 918).</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The final Extra Trees model including 35 clinically interpretable predictors achieved a ROC-AUC (Receiver Operating Characteristic curve; Area Under Curve) of 0.871 (95 % confidence interval (CI) = 0.811–0.923) and 0.862 (95 % CI = 0.833– 0.892) in internal and external validation set, respectively. At a probability threshold of 0.04, sensitivity in the external cohort was 0.886, specificity was 0.631, and negative predictive value (NPV) exceeded 0.99. Probability calibration was moderate (mean absolute calibration error was 0.245–24.5 percentage points). The strongest contributors to PE risk were chronic hypertension, history of PE, blood pressure parameters, antiphospholipid syndrome and diabetes mellitus.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The Extra Trees model developed on routinely collected EНRs data demonstrates acceptable discriminative ability, high sensitivity and very high NPV and may be considered as a screening tool for early PE risk stratification, provided local calibration assessment and further clinical evaluation.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Преэклампсия (ПЭ) остается одной из ведущих причин материнской и перинатальной заболеваемости и смертности, при этом большинство случаев по-прежнему выявляются на стадии клинически выраженного заболевания. Сложные алгоритмы прогнозирования ПЭ с использованием биомаркеров и доплерометрии демонстрируют высокую точность, но малопригодны для массового скрининга в условиях ограниченных ресурсов.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель: разработать, внутренне и внешне валидировать математические модели прогнозирования риска ПЭ при сроке беременности ≤ 16 недель на основе рутинных данных электронных медицинских карт (ЭМК) с использованием методов машинного обучения.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Проведено ретроспективное когортное исследование на основании обезличенных ЭМК беременных из 8 регионов Российской Федерации за период 2010–2025 гг. В аналитический набор включены 19955 визитов на сроке ≤ 16 недель. Целевым событием являлись ПЭ, эклампсия и HELLP-синдром по кодам МКБ-10. В качестве потенциальных предикторов рассмотрен широкий спектр клинико-анамнестических и антропометрических данных. Модели – логистическая регрессия, градиентный бустинг, Random Forest (случайный лес), Extra Trees (экстремально рандомизированные деревья) обучали с учетом дисбаланса классов; отбор признаков осуществляли по SHAP-индексам (англ. SHapley Additive exPlanations indices; индексы аддитивных объяснений Шепли). Внутреннюю оценку проводили на тестовой выборке, независимую внешнюю валидацию – на подвыборке из медицинских организаций Республики Карелия (n = 918).</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Финальная модель Extra Trees на 35 клинически интерпретируемых предикторах обеспечила ROC-AUC (англ. Receiver Operating Characteristic curve; Area Under Curve; характеристическая кривая, площадь под характеристической кривой) = 0,871 (95 % доверительный интервал (ДИ) = 0,811–0,923) на внутренней и 0,862 (95 % ДИ = 0,833–0,892) на внешней выборке. При пороге вероятности 0,04 чувствительность на внешней выборке составила 0,886, специфичность – 0,631, прогностическая ценность отрицательного результата (англ. negative predictive value, NPV) превышала 0,99. Калибровка вероятностей была умеренной (средняя абсолютная ошибка калибровки составила 0,245). Наибольший вклад в риск ПЭ вносили хроническая артериальная гипертензия, ПЭ в анамнезе, показатели артериального давления, антифосфолипидный синдром и сахарный диабет.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Разработанная модель Extra Trees на основе рутинных данных ЭМК демонстрирует удовлетворительную дискриминационную способность, высокую чувствительность и очень высокую NPV и может рассматриваться как скрининговый инструмент для ранней стратификации риска ПЭ при условии локальной проверки калибровки и дальнейшей клинической оценки.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>преэклампсия</kwd><kwd>ПЭ</kwd><kwd>беременность</kwd><kwd>машинное обучение</kwd><kwd>искусственный интеллект</kwd><kwd>электронные медицинские карты</kwd><kwd>ЭМК</kwd><kwd>прогнозирование риска</kwd><kwd>скрининг</kwd><kwd>модель машинного обучения Extra Trees</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>preeclampsia</kwd><kwd>PE</kwd><kwd>pregnancy</kwd><kwd>machine learning</kwd><kwd>artificial intelligence</kwd><kwd>electronic health records</kwd><kwd>EНRs</kwd><kwd>risk prediction</kwd><kwd>screening</kwd><kwd>Extra Trees machine learning model</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено за счет гранта Российского научного фонда № 24-2500429, https://rscf.ru/project/24-25-00429/</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was supported by the Russian Science Foundation, Grant No. 24-25-00429, https://rscf.ru/project/24-25-00429/</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abalos E., Cuesta C., Grosso A.L. et al. Global and regional estimates of preeclampsia and eclampsia: a systematic review. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2013;170(1):1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2013.05.005.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abalos E., Cuesta C., Grosso A.L. et al. Global and regional estimates of preeclampsia and eclampsia: a systematic review. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2013;170(1):1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2013.05.005.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Duley L. The global impact of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. Semin Perinatol. 2009;33(3):130–7. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.semperi.2009.02.010.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Duley L. The global impact of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. Semin Perinatol. 2009;33(3):130–7. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.semperi.2009.02.010.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bisson C., Dautel S., Patel E. et al. Preeclampsia pathophysiology and adverse outcomes during pregnancy and postpartum. Front Med. 2023;10:1144170. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2023.1144170.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bisson C., Dautel S., Patel E. et al. Preeclampsia pathophysiology and adverse outcomes during pregnancy and postpartum. Front Med. 2023;10:1144170. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2023.1144170.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Poon L.C., Shennan A., Hyett J.A. et al. The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) initiative on pre-eclampsia: A pragmatic guide for first-trimester screening and prevention. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 2019;145(S1):1–33. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijgo.12802.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Poon L.C., Shennan A., Hyett J.A. et al. The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) initiative on pre-eclampsia: A pragmatic guide for first-trimester screening and prevention. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 2019;145(S1):1–33. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijgo.12802.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gabbay-Benziv R., Oliveira N., Baschat A.A. Optimal first trimester preeclampsia prediction: a comparison of multimarker algorithm, risk profiles and their sequential application. Prenat Diagn. 2016;36(1):34–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/pd.4707.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gabbay-Benziv R., Oliveira N., Baschat A.A. Optimal first trimester preeclampsia prediction: a comparison of multimarker algorithm, risk profiles and their sequential application. Prenat Diagn. 2016;36(1):34–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/pd.4707 .</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">De Kat A.C., Hirst J., Woodward M. et al. Prediction models for preeclampsia: A systematic review. Pregnancy Hypertens. 2019;16:48–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.preghy.2019.03.005.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">De Kat A.C., Hirst J., Woodward M. et al. Prediction models for preeclampsia: A systematic review. Pregnancy Hypertens. 2019;16:48–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.preghy.2019.03.005.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Henderson J.T., Thompson J.H., Burda B.U., Cantor A. Preeclampsia screening: evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA. 2017;317(16):1668. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.18315.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Henderson J.T., Thompson J.H., Burda B.U., Cantor A. Preeclampsia screening: evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA. 2017;317(16):1668. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.18315.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Myatt L., Redman C.W., Staff A.C. et al. Strategy for standardization of preeclampsia research study design. Hypertension. 2014;63(6):1293–301. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.113.02664.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Myatt L., Redman C.W., Staff A.C. et al. Strategy for standardization of preeclampsia research study design. Hypertension. 2014;63(6):1293–301. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.113.02664.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gao Y., Sharma T., Cui Y. Addressing the challenge of biomedical data inequality: an artificial intelligence perspective. Annu Rev Biomed Data Sci. 2023;6(1):153–71. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-biodatasci-020722-020704.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gao Y., Sharma T., Cui Y. Addressing the challenge of biomedical data inequality: an artificial intelligence perspective. Annu Rev Biomed Data Sci. 2023;6(1):153–71. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-biodatasci-020722-020704.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li S., Wang Z., Vieira L.A. et al. Improving preeclampsia risk prediction by modeling pregnancy trajectories from routinely collected electronic medical record data. Npj Digit Med. 2022;5(1):68. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-022-00612-x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li S., Wang Z., Vieira L.A. et al. Improving preeclampsia risk prediction by modeling pregnancy trajectories from routinely collected electronic medical record data. Npj Digit Med. 2022;5(1):68. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-022-00612-x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li Y.-Х., Shen X.-Р., Yang C. et al. Novel electronic health records applied for prediction of pre-eclampsia: Machine-learning algorithms. Pregnancy Hypertens. 2021;26:102–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.preghy.2021.10.006.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li Y.-Х., Shen X.-Р., Yang C. et al. Novel electronic health records applied for prediction of pre-eclampsia: Machine-learning algorithms. Pregnancy Hypertens. 2021;26:102–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.preghy.2021.10.006.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ranjbar A., Montazeri F., Ghamsari S.R. Machine learning models for predicting preeclampsia: a systematic review. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2024;24(1):6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-023-06220-1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ranjbar A., Montazeri F., Ghamsari S.R. Machine learning models for predicting preeclampsia: a systematic review. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2024;24(1):6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-023-06220-1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ballard H.K., Yang X., Mahadevan A.D. et al. Five-feature models to predict preeclampsia onset time from electronic health record data: development and validation study. J Med Internet Res. 2024;26:e48997. https://doi.org/10.2196/48997.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ballard H.K., Yang X., Mahadevan A.D. et al. Five-feature models to predict preeclampsia onset time from electronic health record data: development and validation study. J Med Internet Res. 2024;26:e48997. https://doi.org/10.2196/48997.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang Y., Li B., Zhao Y. Inflammation in preeclampsia: genetic biomarkers, mechanisms, and therapeutic strategies. Front Immunol. 2022;13:883404. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.883404.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang Y., Li B., Zhao Y. Inflammation in preeclampsia: genetic biomarkers, mechanisms, and therapeutic strategies. Front Immunol. 2022;13:883404. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.883404.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Feng Y., Lian X., Guo K. et al. A comprehensive analysis of metabolomics and transcriptomics to reveal major metabolic pathways and potential biomarkers of human preeclampsia placenta. Front Genet. 2022;13:1010657. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2022.1010657.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Feng Y., Lian X., Guo K. et al. A comprehensive analysis of metabolomics and transcriptomics to reveal major metabolic pathways and potential biomarkers of human preeclampsia placenta. Front Genet. 2022;13:1010657. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2022.1010657.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">North R.A., McCowan L.M.E., Dekker G.A. et al. Clinical risk prediction for pre-eclampsia in nulliparous women: development of model in international prospective cohort. BMJ. 2011;342:d1875. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.d1875.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">North R.A., McCowan L.M.E., Dekker G.A. et al. Clinical risk prediction for pre-eclampsia in nulliparous women: development of model in international prospective cohort. BMJ. 2011;342:d1875. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.d1875.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sandström A., Snowden J.M., Bottai M. et al. Routinely collected antenatal data for longitudinal prediction of preeclampsia in nulliparous women: a population-based study. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):17973. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-97465-3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sandström A., Snowden J.M., Bottai M. et al. Routinely collected antenatal data for longitudinal prediction of preeclampsia in nulliparous women: a population-based study. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):17973. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-97465-3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li T., Xu M., Wang Y. et al. Prediction model of preeclampsia using machine learning based methods: a population based cohort study in China. Front Endocrinol. 2024;15:1345573. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2024.1345573.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li T., Xu M., Wang Y. et al. Prediction model of preeclampsia using machine learning based methods: a population based cohort study in China. Front Endocrinol. 2024;15:1345573. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2024.1345573.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sufriyana H., Wu Y.W., Su E.C.Y. Artificial intelligence-assisted prediction of preeclampsia: Development and external validation of a nationwide health insurance dataset of the BPJS Kesehatan in Indonesia. EBioMedicine. 2020;54:102710. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102710.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sufriyana H., Wu Y.W., Su E.C.Y. Artificial intelligence-assisted prediction of preeclampsia: Development and external validation of a nationwide health insurance dataset of the BPJS Kesehatan in Indonesia. EBioMedicine. 2020;54:102710. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102710.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aljameel S.S., Alzahrani M., Almusharraf R. et al. Prediction of preeclampsia using machine learning and deep learning models: a review. Big Data Cogn Comput. 2023;7(1):32. https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc7010032.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aljameel S.S., Alzahrani M., Almusharraf R. et al. Prediction of preeclampsia using machine learning and deep learning models: a review. Big Data Cogn Comput. 2023;7(1):32. https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc7010032.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hackelöer M., Schmidt L., Verlohren S. New advances in prediction and surveillance of preeclampsia: role of machine learning approaches and remote monitoring. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2022;308(6):1663–77. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-022-06864-y.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hackelöer M., Schmidt L., Verlohren S. New advances in prediction and surveillance of preeclampsia: role of machine learning approaches and remote monitoring. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2022;308(6):1663–77. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-022-06864-y.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Андрейченко А.Е., Лучинин А.С., Ившин А.А. и др. Разработка и валидация моделей прогнозирования общего риска преэклампсии и риска ранней преэклампсии с использованием алгоритмов машинного обучения в первом триместре беременности. Акушерство и гинекология. 2023;(10):94–107 https://doi.org/10.18565/aig.2023.101.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Andreichenko A.E., Luchinin A.S., Ivshin A.A. et al. Development and validation of models for predicting overall preeclampsia risk and early-onset preeclampsia risk using machine learning algorithms in the first trimester of pregnancy. [Razrabotka i validatsiya modeley prognozirovaniya obshchego riska preeklampsii i riska ranney preeklampsii s ispol'zovaniem algoritmov mashinnogo obucheniya v pervom trimestre beremennosti]. Akusherstvo i ginekologiya. 2023;(10):94–107. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.18565/aig.2023.101.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Montgomery-Csobán T., Kavanagh K., Murray P. et al. Machine learningenabled maternal risk assessment for women with pre-eclampsia (the PIERS-ML model): a modelling study. Lancet Digit Health. 2024;6(4):e238–e250. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2589-7500(23)00267-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Montgomery-Csobán T., Kavanagh K., Murray P. et al. Machine learningenabled maternal risk assessment for women with pre-eclampsia (the PIERS-ML model): a modelling study. Lancet Digit Health. 2024;6(4):e238–e250. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2589-7500(23)00267-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang Y., Sylvester K.G., Jin B. et al. Development of a urine metabolomics biomarker-based prediction model for preeclampsia during early pregnancy. Metabolites. 2023;13(6):715. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo13060715.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang Y., Sylvester K.G., Jin B. et al. Development of a urine metabolomics biomarker-based prediction model for preeclampsia during early pregnancy. Metabolites. 2023;13(6):715. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo13060715.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
