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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">akusherstvo</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproduction</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Акушерство, Гинекология и Репродукция</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2313-7347</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2500-3194</issn><publisher><publisher-name>IRBIS LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17749/2313-7347/ob.gyn.rep.2025.651</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">akusherstvo-2516</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEW ARTICLE</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>НАУЧНЫЙ ОБЗОР</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Cryopreservation as an assisted reproductive technology</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Криоконсервация как вспомогательная репродуктивная технология</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4291-2012</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Абдулазимова</surname><given-names>И. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Abdulazimova</surname><given-names>I. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Абдулазимова Иман Руслановна</p><p>364907 Грозный, ул. Асланбека Шерипова, д. 32</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Iman R. Abdulazimova</p><p>32 Aslanbek Sheripov Str., Grozny, 364907</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8094-385X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Межидова</surname><given-names>Л. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mezhidova</surname><given-names>L. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Межидова Лейла Лечаевна</p><p>362019 Республика Северная Осетия–Алания, Владикавказ, ул. Пушкинская, д. 40</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Leyla L. Mezhidova</p><p>40 Pushkinskaya Str., Vladikavkaz, Republic of North Ossetia–Alania 362019</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1257-5238</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Баркинхоева</surname><given-names>Р. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Barkinkhoeva</surname><given-names>R. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Баркинхоева Раббия Салимхановна</p><p>386001 Магас, проспект И. Зязикова, д. 7</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Rabbiya S. Barkinkhoeva</p><p>7 Zyazikov Avenue, Magas 386001</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9499-0146</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зариева</surname><given-names>З. У.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zarieva</surname><given-names>Z. U.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Зариева Зейнап Умаровна</p><p>386001 Магас, проспект И. Зязикова, д. 7</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Zeinap U. Zarieva</p><p>7 Zyazikov Avenue, Magas 386001</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5344-0823</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Абадиева</surname><given-names>З. Х.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Abadieva</surname><given-names>Z. Kh.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Абадиева Зухра Хамзатовна</p><p>386001 Магас, проспект И. Зязикова, д. 7</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Zukhra Kh. Abadieva</p><p>7 Zyazikov Avenue, Magas 386001</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2101-5599</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Магамадова</surname><given-names>Х. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Magamadova</surname><given-names>Kh. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Магамадова Хава Руслановна</p><p>360004 Нальчик, ул. Чернышевского, д.173</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Khava R. Magamadova</p><p>173 Chernyshevsky Str., Nalchik 360004</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6455-0994</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Вазикаева</surname><given-names>А. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vazikaeva</surname><given-names>A. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Вазикаева Амина Лечаевна</p><p>360004 Нальчик, ул. Чернышевского, д.173</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Amina L. Vazikaeva</p><p>173 Chernyshevsky Str., Nalchik 360004</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7335-5661</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бжекшиева</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bzhekshieva</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Бжекшиева Алия Аббовна</p><p>360004 Нальчик, ул. Чернышевского, д.173</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Aliya A. Bzhekshieva</p><p>173 Chernyshevsky Str., Nalchik 360004</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6653-629X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Богатырёва</surname><given-names>Д. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bogatyreva</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Богатырёва Дисана Аскеровна</p><p>360004 Нальчик, ул. Чернышевского, д.173</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Disana A. Bogatyreva</p><p>173 Chernyshevsky Str., Nalchik 360004</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2112-6822</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кауц</surname><given-names>Э. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kauts</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кауц Эльза Андреевна</p><p>410012 Саратов, ул. Большая Казачья, д. 112</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elza A. Kauts</p><p>112 Bolshaya Kazachya Str., Saratov 410012</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5377-9833</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Баянова</surname><given-names>М. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bayanova</surname><given-names>M. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Баянова Марита Аслановна</p><p>360004 Нальчик, ул. Чернышевского, д.173</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Marita A. Bayanova</p><p>173 Chernyshevsky Str., Nalchik 360004</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">bayanovamarita@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1946-2714</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Умарова</surname><given-names>Х. У.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Umarova</surname><given-names>Kh. U.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Умарова Хадишат Умаровна</p><p>360004 Нальчик, ул. Чернышевского, д.173</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Khadishat U. Umarova</p><p>173 Chernyshevsky Str., Nalchik 360004</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8773-6226</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сатуев</surname><given-names>Х. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Satuev</surname><given-names>Kh. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Сатуев Хусейн Ахъядович</p><p>360004 Нальчик, ул. Чернышевского, д.173</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Khusein A. Satuev</p><p>173 Chernyshevsky Str., Nalchik 360004</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9811-429X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Касем</surname><given-names>М. А.Ф.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Qasem</surname><given-names>M. A.F.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Касем Мохаммед Абдо Фархан</p><p>360004 Нальчик, ул. Чернышевского, д.173</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Mohammed A.F. Qasem</p><p>173 Chernyshevsky Str., Nalchik 360004</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Чеченский государственный университет имени А.А. Кадырова»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Kadyrov Chechen State University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Северо-Осетинская государственная медицинская академия» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>North Ossetian State Medical Academy, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Ингушский государственный университет»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Ingush State University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Кабардино-Балкарский государственный университет имени Х.М. Бербекова»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Berbekov Kabardino-Balkarian State University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-5"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Cаратовский государственный медицинский университет имени В.И. Разумовского» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Razumovsky Saratov State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2020</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>28</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>0</issue><issue-title>Online First</issue-title><elocation-id>2516</elocation-id><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Abdulazimova I.R., Mezhidova L.L., Barkinkhoeva R.S., Zarieva Z.U., Abadieva Z.K., Magamadova K.R., Vazikaeva A.L., Bzhekshieva A.A., Bogatyreva D.A., Kauts E.A., Bayanova M.A., Umarova K.U., Satuev K.A., Qasem M.A., 2020</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Абдулазимова И.Р., Межидова Л.Л., Баркинхоева Р.С., Зариева З.У., Абадиева З.Х., Магамадова Х.Р., Вазикаева А.Л., Бжекшиева А.А., Богатырёва Д.А., Кауц Э.А., Баянова М.А., Умарова Х.У., Сатуев Х.А., Касем М.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Abdulazimova I.R., Mezhidova L.L., Barkinkhoeva R.S., Zarieva Z.U., Abadieva Z.K., Magamadova K.R., Vazikaeva A.L., Bzhekshieva A.A., Bogatyreva D.A., Kauts E.A., Bayanova M.A., Umarova K.U., Satuev K.A., Qasem M.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.gynecology.su/jour/article/view/2516">https://www.gynecology.su/jour/article/view/2516</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. According to the World Health Organization, infertility affects approximately one in six reproductive-age people. Assisted reproductive technologies (ART), particularly in vitro fertilization (IVF), have been available for more than three decades and have resulted in the birth of millions of children worldwide. Cryopreservation allows for the storage of large numbers of cells and tissues and is used in medicine for various purposes, including IVF.</p></sec><sec><title>Aim</title><p>Aim: to analyze literature-based data on physical principles, methods, and prospects of cryopreservation in reproductive medicine.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and Methods</title><p>Materials and Methods. A review of scientific publications reported by domestic and international authors was conducted using the PubMed/MEDLINE, Google Scholar, and eLibrary databases from 1953 to September 2024. The following keywords were retrieved: “infertility”, “assisted reproductive technologies”, “in vitro fertilization”, “cryopreservation”, “cryoprotectants”, “cryoprotective agents”, “vitrification”, “gamete selection”, “sperm cryopreservation”, “female gamete cryopreservation”, “embryo cryopreservation”. There were predominantly reviewed full-text articles in Russian and English published in peer-reviewed scientific journals, containing original data or systematic analysis, as well as information on the effectiveness, safety, and biological impact of cryopreservation methods. For historical and contextual coverage of the topic, selected monographs, reviews, regulatory documents, and conference materials were also used, provided their relevance to the subject matter. These sources were not included in the assessment of method effectiveness but were considered in the context of the timeline for the technologies and ethical-legal aspects. A total of 5,876 publications were analyzed, of which 74 were included in the final review.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The physical and chemical principles of cryopreservation, classification of cryoprotective agents (CPA), as well as comparative effectiveness for various freezing methods (slow, rapid, ultra-rapid, and vitrification) were systematized. It was established that vitrification provides the highest survival rates for oocytes and embryos compared to conventional freezing, particularly when high-concentration CPAs are used in combination with non-penetrating agents. An effect of alternative carriers and biomaterials (e.g., hyaluronan-phenolic hydroxyl microcapsules, Volvox globator) for single-sperm cryopreservation was examined. Approaches to assessing gamete quality after thawing were summarized, including promising methods such as cell-free DNA analysis and the application of artificial intelligence for embryo morphology assessment. Unresolved issues were identified, including high CPAs-related toxicity, lack of standardized clinical protocols, as well as ethical and legal concerns regarding cryomaterial handling. The need for further research aimed at developing safe and effective ART-related cryopreservation protocols is emphasized.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The analysis revealed knowledge gaps related to the optimization of clinical cryopreservation protocols for embryos and female gametes. Currently, vitrification remains the preferred method, providing the highest survival rates for biological material.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. По данным Всемирной организации здравоохранения, бесплодие возникает примерно у каждого шестого человека в течение репродуктивного возраста. Вспомогательные репродуктивные технологии (ВРТ), в частности экстракорпоральное оплодотворение (ЭКО), существуют уже более трех десятилетий, и благодаря им в мире родились миллионы детей. Криоконсервация позволяет хранить большое количество клеток и тканей, и применяется в медицине для разных целей, включая ЭКО. </p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель: на основании литературных данных проанализировать физические принципы, методы и перспективы криоконсервации в репродуктивной медицине.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Анализ научных публикаций отечественных и зарубежных авторов проводился в базах данных PubMed/MEDLINE, Google Scholar и eLibrary за период с 1953 г. по сентябрь 2024 г. Были использованы ключевые слова и их английские эквиваленты: «бесплодие», «вспомогательные репродуктивные технологии», «экстракорпоральное оплодотворение», «криоконсервация», «криопротекторы», «криопротективные агенты», «витрификация», «отбор половых клеток», «криоконсервация спермы», «криоконсервация женских половых клеток», «криоконсервация эмбрионов», «infertility», «assisted reproductive technologies», «in vitro fertilization», «cryopreservation», «cryoprotectants», «cryoprotective agents», «vitrification», «gamete selection», «sperm cryopreservation», «female gamete cryopreservation», «embryo cryopreservation». В обзор преимущественно включались полнотекстовые статьи на русском и английском языках, опубликованные в рецензируемых научных журналах, содержащие оригинальные данные или систематизированный анализ, а также сведения об эффективности, безопасности и биологическом воздействии методов криоконсервации. Для исторического и контекстуального освещения темы также были использованы отдельные монографии, обзоры, нормативные документы и материалы научных конференций при условии их значимости для раскрытия исследуемых вопросов. Такие источники не включались в оценку эффективности методов, но рассматривались в контексте исторического развития технологий и этико-правовых аспектов. Всего проанализировано 5876 публикаций, из которых в итоговый обзор отобраны 74.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Систематизированы физико-химические принципы криоконсервации, классификация криопротекторов (англ. cryoprotective agents, CPA), а также сравнительная эффективность различных методов замораживания: медленного, быстрого, мгновенного и витрификации. Установлено, что витрификация обеспечивает наивысшую выживаемость ооцитов и эмбрионов по сравнению с традиционным замораживанием, особенно при использовании высококонцентрированных CPA в комбинации с непроникающими агентами. Проанализированы альтернативные носители и биоматериалы (например, гиалуронан-фенольные микрокапсулы, Volvox globator), демонстрирующие потенциал для криоконсервации единичных сперматозоидов. Обобщены подходы к оценке качества гамет после оттаивания, включая новые перспективные методы, такие как анализ свободной внеклеточной ДНК и применение искусственного интеллекта для морфологической оценки эмбрионов. Выявлены нерешенные вопросы, связанные с высокой токсичностью CPA, отсутствием унифицированных клинических протоколов, а также этическими и правовыми аспектами обращения с криоматериалом. Установлена необходимость дальнейших исследований, направленных на разработку безопасных и эффективных протоколов криоконсервации в рамках вспомогательных репродуктивных технологий.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. В ходе анализа были выявлены пробелы, касающиеся оптимизации клинических протоколов криоконсервации эмбрионов и женских половых клеток. На сегодняшний день предпочтительным методом остается витрификация, обеспечивающая наилучшие показатели выживаемости биологического материала. </p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>бесплодие</kwd><kwd>вспомогательные репродуктивные технологии</kwd><kwd>криоконсервация</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>infertility</kwd><kwd>assisted reproductive technologies</kwd><kwd>cryopreservation</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zegers-Hochschild F., Adamson G.D., de Mouzon J. et al. The International Committee for Monitoring Assisted Reproductive Technology (ICMART) and the World Health Organization (WHO) Revised Glossary on ART Terminology, 2009. Hum Reprod. 2009;24(11):2683–7. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dep343.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zegers-Hochschild F., Adamson G.D., de Mouzon J. et al. 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