akusherstvoObstetrics, Gynecology and ReproductionАкушерство, Гинекология и Репродукция2313-73472500-3194IRBIS LLC10.17749/2313-7347/ob.gyn.rep.2024.490akusherstvo-1993Research ArticleREVIEW ARTICLESНАУЧНЫЕ ОБЗОРЫPrevention and treatment of preterm delivery in pregnant women with isthmic-cervical incompetenceПрофилактика и лечение преждевременных родов у беременных с истмико-цервикальной недостаточностьюhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-7807-4929БеженарьВ. Ф.BezhenarV. F.

Виталий Федорович Беженарь, д. м. н., профессор, зав. кафедрой, руководитель клиники

кафедра акушерства, гинекологии и репродуктологии; клиника акушерстваи гинекологии

197022; ул. Льва Толстого, д. 6/8; Санкт-Петербург

Vitaly F. Bezhenar, MD, Dr Sci Med, Professor, Head of the Department, Head of the Clinic

Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology; Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology

197022; 6/8 Lev Tolstoy Str.; Saint Petersburg

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2812-7268КучуковаФ. Р.KuchukovaF. R.

Фатима Рамазановна Кучукова, аспирант

кафедра акушерства, гинекологии и репродуктологии

197022; ул. Льва Толстого, д. 6/8; Санкт-Петербург

Fatima R. Kuchukova, MD, Postgraduate Student

Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproductology

197022; 6/8 Lev Tolstoy Str.; Saint Petersburg

fatimashavaeva@mail.ruУзденоваЗ. Х.UzdenovaZ. Kh.

Зухра Хаджимуратовна Узденова,  д. м. н., профессор

кафедра детских болезней, акушерства и гинекологи

360004; ул. Чернышевского, д. 173; Нальчик

Zukhra Kh. Uzdenova,  MD, Dr Sci Med, Professor

Department of Pediatric Diseases, Obstetrics and Gynecology

360004; 173 Chernyshevskiy Str.,; Nalchik

ФГБОУ ВО «Первый Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет имени академика И.П. Павлова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской ФедерацииРоссияPavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University, Health Ministry of Russian FederationRussian FederationФГБОУ ВО «Кабардино-Балкарский государственный университет имени Х.М. Бербекова»РоссияBerbekov Kabardino-Balkarian State UniversityRussian Federation202403042024182246253Copyright © Bezhenar V.F., Kuchukova F.R., Uzdenova Z.K., 20242024Беженарь В.Ф., Кучукова Ф.Р., Узденова З.Х.Bezhenar V.F., Kuchukova F.R., Uzdenova Z.K.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.gynecology.su/jour/article/view/1993

   Preterm delivery (PD) is a global public health problem, being the leading cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality in many countries. Despite numerous studies on the etiology of this condition, PD incidence has been increasing annually, and about 15 million infants are born prematurely (before the week 37 of gestation) worldwide. One of the main risk factors for PD is isthmic-cervical incompetence (ICI), which leads to microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity, prolapse of the fetal bladder, premature discharge of amniotic fluid and PD. Currently, several methods for ICI prevention and treatment are available: conservative (use of progesterone, obstetric pessary) and surgical (transvaginal cerclage and transabdominal cerclage).

   Преждевременные роды (ПР) представляют собой глобальную проблему здравоохранения, являясь основной причиной перинатальной заболеваемости и смертности во многих странах. Несмотря на многочисленные исследования, посвященные этиологии этого состояния, частота ПР увеличивается и ежегодно во всем мире примерно 15 млн младенцев рождаются недоношенными (до 37-й недели беременности). Одним из основых факторов риска ПР является истмико-цервикальная недостаточность (ИЦН), которая приводит к микробной инвазии в амниотическую полость, пролобированию плодного пузыря, преждевременному излитию околоплодных вод и ПР. В настоящее время существует несколько методов профилактики и лечения ИЦН: консервативный (применение прогестерона, акушерского пессария) и хирургический (трансвагинальный серкляж и трансабдоминальный серкляж).

преждевременные родыПРистмико-цервикальная недостаточностьИЦНпрогестеронакушерский пессарийтрасвагинальный серкляжтрансабдоминальный серкляжpreterm deliveryPDisthmic-cervical incompetenceICIobstetric pessaryprogesteronetransvaginal cerclagetransabdominal cerclageАвторы заявляют об отсутствии финансовой поддержкиThe authors declare no fundingReferencesPreterm birth. World Health Organization, 2023. Режим доступа: www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/preterm-birth. [Дата обращения: 30. 01. 2024].Preterm birth. World Health Organization, 2023. Available at: www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/preterm-birth. [Accessed: 30. 01. 2024].Oh K.J., Kim S.M., Hong J.S. et al. Twenty-four percent of patients with clinical chorioamnionitis in preterm gestations have no evidence of either culture-proven intraamniotic infection or intraamniotic inflammation. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2017;216(6):604.e1–604.e11. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2017.02.035.Oh K.J., Kim S.M., Hong J.S. et al. Twenty-four percent of patients with clinical chorioamnionitis in preterm gestations have no evidence of either culture-proven intraamniotic infection or intraamniotic inflammation. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2017;216(6):604.e1–604.e11. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2017.02.035.Gomez-Lopez N., Romero R., Xu Y. et al. A role for the inflammasome in spontaneous preterm labor with acute histologic chorioamnionitis. Reprod Sci. 2017;24(10):1382–401. doi: 10.1177/1933719116687656.Gomez-Lopez N., Romero R., Xu Y. et al. A role for the inflammasome in spontaneous preterm labor with acute histologic chorioamnionitis. Reprod Sci. 2017;24(10):1382–401. doi: 10.1177/1933719116687656.Yoon B.H., Romero R., Park J.Y. et al. Antibiotic administration can eradicate intraamniotic infection or intra-amniotic inflammation in a subset of patients with preterm labor and intact membranes. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2019;221(2):142.e1–142.e22. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2019.03.018.Yoon B.H., Romero R., Park J.Y. et al. Antibiotic administration can eradicate intraamniotic infection or intra-amniotic inflammation in a subset of patients with preterm labor and intact membranes. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2019;221(2):142.e1–142.e22. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2019.03.018.Vink J., Mourad M. The pathophysiology of human premature cervical remodeling resulting in spontaneous preterm birth: where are we now? Semin Perinatol. 2017;41(7):427–37. doi: 10.1053/j.semperi.2017.07.014.Vink J., Mourad M. The pathophysiology of human premature cervical remodeling resulting in spontaneous preterm birth: where are we now? Semin Perinatol. 2017;41(7):427–37. doi: 10.1053/j.semperi.2017.07.014.Hernandez-Andrade E., Maymon E., Luewan S. et al. A soft cervix, categorized by shear-wave elastography, in women with short or with normal cervical length at 18-24 weeks is associated with a higher prevalence of spontaneous preterm delivery. J Perinat Med. 2018;46(5):489–501. doi: 10.1515/jpm-2018-0062.Hernandez-Andrade E., Maymon E., Luewan S. et al. A soft cervix, categorized by shear-wave elastography, in women with short or with normal cervical length at 18-24 weeks is associated with a higher prevalence of spontaneous preterm delivery. J Perinat Med. 2018;46(5):489–501. doi: 10.1515/jpm-2018-0062.Gomez-Lopez N., Romero R., Xu Y. et al. Fetal T cell activation in the amniotic cavity during preterm labor: a potential mechanism for a subset of idiopathic preterm birth. J Immunol. 2019;203(7):1793–807. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900621.Gomez-Lopez N., Romero R., Xu Y. et al. Fetal T cell activation in the amniotic cavity during preterm labor: a potential mechanism for a subset of idiopathic preterm birth. J Immunol. 2019;203(7):1793–807. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900621.Staneva A., Bogossian F., Pritchard M., Wittkowski A. The effects of maternal depression, anxiety, and perceived stress during pregnancy on preterm birth : a systematic review. Women Birth. 2015;28(3):179–93. doi: 10.1016/j.wombi.2015.02.003.Staneva A., Bogossian F., Pritchard M., Wittkowski A. The effects of maternal depression, anxiety, and perceived stress during pregnancy on preterm birth : a systematic review. Women Birth. 2015;28(3):179–93. doi: 10.1016/j.wombi.2015.02.003.Lima S.A.M., El Dib R.P., Rodrigues M.R.K. et al. Is the risk of low birth weight or preterm labor greater when maternal stress is experienced during pregnancy? A systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. PLoS One. 2018;13(7):e0200594. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200594.Lima S.A.M., El Dib R.P., Rodrigues M.R.K. et al. Is the risk of low birth weight or preterm labor greater when maternal stress is experienced during pregnancy? A systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. PLoS One. 2018;13(7):e0200594. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200594.Matei A., Saccone G., Vogel J.P., Armson A.B. Primary and secondary prevention of preterm birth: a review of systematic reviews and ongoing randomized controlled trials. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2019;236:224–39. doi: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2018.12.022.Matei A., Saccone G., Vogel J.P., Armson A.B. Primary and secondary prevention of preterm birth : a review of systematic reviews and ongoing randomized controlled trials. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2019;236:224–39. doi: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2018.12.022.Di Renzo G.C., Tosto V., Giardina I. The biological basis and prevention of preterm birth. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2018;52:13–22. doi: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2018.01.022.Di Renzo G.C., Tosto V., Giardina I. The biological basis and prevention of preterm birth. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2018;52:13–22. doi: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2018.01.022.Berghella V., Saccone G. Cervical assessment by ultrasound for preventing preterm delivery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;9(9):CD007235. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007235.pub4.Berghella V., Saccone G. Cervical assessment by ultrasound for preventing preterm delivery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;9(9):CD007235. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007235.pub4.Zhang M., Zhang X., Yang H., Shi C. Cervical length at 28–32 weeks of gestation predicts preterm birth. Matern Med. 2021;3(3):185–9. doi: 10.1097/FM9.0000000000000074.Zhang M., Zhang X., Yang H., Shi C. Cervical length at 28–32 weeks of gestation predicts preterm birth. Matern Med. 2021;3(3):185–9. doi: 10.1097/FM9.0000000000000074.Berghella V., Lesser T., Boelig R.C., Roman A. Cervical length screening after 24 weeks for prediction and prevention of preterm birth: not evidence based yet… Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM. 2020;2(2):100097. doi: 10.1016/j.ajogmf.2020.100097.Berghella V., Lesser T., Boelig R.C., Roman A. Cervical length screening after 24 weeks for prediction and prevention of preterm birth: not evidence based yet… Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM. 2020;2(2):100097. doi: 10.1016/j.ajogmf.2020.100097.Gulersen M., Divon M., Krantz D., Bornstein E. 466: The risk of anticipated delivery in asymptomatic women presenting with short cervix in early viability. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2019;220(1):S311–S312. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2018.11.487.Gulersen M., Divon M., Krantz D., Bornstein E. 466: The risk of anticipated delivery in asymptomatic women presenting with short cervix in early viability. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2019;220(1):S311–S312. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2018.11.487.Бадретдинова Ф.Ф., Глебова Н.Н., Короткова Л.А. и др. Акушерская травма и рубцовая деформация шейки матки. Некоторые спорные вопросы проблемы (обзор литературы). Научное обозрение. Медицинские науки. 2016;(5):23–31.Badretdinova F.F., Glebova N.N., Korotkova L.A. et al. Obstetric trauma and cicatricial deformity of the cervix. Some controversial issues of the problem (literature review). [Akusherskaya travma i rubcovaya deformaciya shejki matki. Nekotorye spornye voprosy problemy (obzor literatury)]. Nauchnoe obozrenie. Medicinskie nauki. 2016;(5):23–31. (In Russ.).Насырова С.Ф., Зиганшин А.М., Вдовина Т.Р. О методах диагностики состояния шейки матки у больных с посттравматическими нарушениями. Современные проблемы науки и образования. 2015;(6):237.Nasyrova S.F., Ziganshin A.M., Vdovina T.R. About methods for diagnosing the state of cervix in patients with post-traumatic disorders. [O metodah diagnostiki sostoyaniya shejki matki u bol'nyh s posttravmaticheskimi narusheniyami]. Sovremennye problemy nauki i obrazovaniya. 2015;(6):237. (In Russ.).Hamou B., Sheiner E., Coreanu T. et al. Intrapartum cervical lacerations and their impact on future pregnancy outcome. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2020;33(5):883–7. doi: 10.1080/14767058.2018.1505852.Hamou B., Sheiner E., Coreanu T. et al. Intrapartum cervical lacerations and their impact on future pregnancy outcome. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2020;33(5):883–7. doi: 10.1080/14767058.2018.1505852.Callejas A., Melchor J., Faris I.H., Rus G. Hyperelastic ex vivo cervical tissue mechanical characterization. Sensors (Basel). 2020;20(16):4362. doi: 10.3390/s20164362.Callejas A., Melchor J., Faris I.H., Rus G. Hyperelastic ex vivo cervical tissue mechanical characterization. Sensors (Basel). 2020;20(16):4362. doi: 10.3390/s20164362.Tantengco O.A.G., Menon R. Contractile function of the cervix plays a roleь in normal and pathological pregnancy and parturition. Med Hypotheses. 2020;145:110336. doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110336.Tantengco O.A.G., Menon R. Contractile function of the cervix plays a role in normal and pathological pregnancy and parturition. Med Hypotheses. 2020;145:110336. doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110336.Feigenbaum S.L., Crites Y., Hararah M.K. et al. Prevalence of cervical insufficiency in polycystic ovarian syndrome. Hum Reprod. 2012;27(9):2837–42. doi: 10.1093/humrep/des193.Feigenbaum S.L., Crites Y., Hararah M.K. et al. Prevalence of cervical insufficiency in polycystic ovarian syndrome. Hum Reprod. 2012;27(9):2837–42. do: 10.1093/humrep/des193.Клинические рекомендации – Истмико-цервикальная недостаточность – 2021-2022-2023 (13. 09. 2021). М.: Министерство здравоохранения Российской Федерации, 2021. 26 с. Режим доступа: http://disuria.ru/_ld/11/1102_kr21O34p3MZ.pdf. [Дата обращения: 30. 01. 2024].Clinical guidelines – Isthmic-cervical incompetence – 2021-2022-2023 (13. 09. 2021). [Klinicheskie rekomendacii – Istmiko-cervikal'naya nedostatochnost' – 2021-2022-2023 (13. 09. 2021)]. Moscow: Ministerstvo zdravoohraneniya Rossijskoj Federacii, 2021. 26 p. (In Russ.). Available at: http://disuria.ru/_ld/11/1102_kr21O34p3MZ.pdf. [Accessed: 30. 01. 2024].Nagy B., Szekeres-Barthó J., Kovács G.L. et al. Key to life: physiological role and clinical implications of progesterone. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(20):11039. doi: 10.3390/ijms222011039.Nagy B., Szekeres-Barthó J., Kovács G.L. et al. Key to life: physiological role and clinical implications of progesterone. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(20):11039. doi: 10.3390/ijms222011039.Jarde A., Lutsiv O., Beyene J., McDonald S.D. Vaginal progesterone, oral progesterone, 17-OHPC, cerclage, and pessary for preventing preterm birth in at-risk singleton pregnancies: an updated systematic review and network meta-analysis. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2019;126(5):556–67. doi: 10.1111/1471-0528.15566.Jarde A., Lutsiv O., Beyene J., McDonald S.D. Vaginal progesterone, oral progesterone, 17-OHPC, cerclage, and pessary for preventing preterm birth in at-risk singleton pregnancies: an updated systematic review and network meta-analysis. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2019;126(5):556–67. doi: 10.1111/1471-0528.15566.Romero R., Conde-Agudelo A., Da Fonseca E. et al. Vaginal progesterone for preventing preterm birth and adverse perinatal outcomes in singleton gestations with a short cervix: a meta-analysis of individual patient data. Review Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2018;218(2):161–80. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2017.11.576.Romero R., Conde-Agudelo A., Da Fonseca E. et al. Vaginal progesterone for preventing preterm birth and adverse perinatal outcomes in singleton gestations with a short cervix: a meta-analysis of individual patient data. Review Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2018;218(2):161–80. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2017.11.576.Romero R., Nicolaides K., Conde-Agudelo A. et al. Vaginal progesterone in women with an asymptomatic sonographic short cervix in the midtrimester decreases preterm delivery and neonatal morbidity : a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2012;206(2):124.e1–19. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2011.12.003.Romero R., Nicolaides K., Conde-Agudelo A. et al. Vaginal progesterone in women with an asymptomatic sonographic short cervix in the midtrimester decreases preterm delivery and neonatal morbidity : a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2012;206(2):124.e1–19. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2011.12.003.Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine Publications Committee, with assistance of Vincenzo Berghella. Progesterone and preterm birth prevention: translating clinical trials data into clinical practice. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2012;206:376–86. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2012.03.010.Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine Publications Committee, with assistance of Vincenzo Berghella. Progesterone and preterm birth prevention: translating clinical trials data into clinical practice. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2012;206:376–86. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2012.03.010.Arabin B, Alfirevic Z. Cervical pessaries for prevention of spontaneous preterm birth: past, present and future. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2013;42(4):390–9. doi: 10.1002/uog.12540.Arabin B, Alfirevic Z. Cervical pessaries for prevention of spontaneous preterm birth: past, present and future. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2013;42(4):390–9. doi: 10.1002/uog.12540.Willan A.R. Accounting for treatment by center interaction in sample size determinations and the use of surrogate outcomes in the pessary for the prevention of preterm birth trial: a simulation study. Trials. 2016;7(1):310. doi: 10.1186/s13063-016-1433-y.Willan A.R. Accounting for treatment by center interaction in sample size determinations and the use of surrogate outcomes in the pessary for the prevention of preterm birth trial: a simulation study. Trials. 2016;7(1):310. doi: 10.1186/s13063-016-1433-y.Cannie M.M., Dobrescu O., Gucciardo L. et al. Arabin cervical pessary in women at high risk of preterm birth: a magnetic resonance imaging observational follow-up study. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2013;42(4):426–33. doi: 10.1002/uog.12507.Cannie M.M., Dobrescu O., Gucciardo L. et al. Arabin cervical pessary in women at high risk of preterm birth: a magnetic resonance imaging observational follow-up study. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2013;42(4):426–33. doi: 10.1002/uog.12507.Mendoza M., Goya M., Garson A. et al. Modification of cervical length after cervical pessary insertion: correlation weeks of gestation. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2017;30(13):1596–601. doi: 10.1080/14767058.2016.1216538.Mendoza M., Goya M., Garson A. et al. Modification of cervical length after cervical pessary insertion: correlation weeks of gestation. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2017;30(13):1596–601. doi: 10.1080/14767058.2016.1216538.Goya M., de la Calle M., Pratcorona L. et al. Cervical pessary to prevent preterm birth in women with twin gestation and sonographic short cervix: a multicenter randomized controlled trial (PECEP-Twins). Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2016;214(2):145–52. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2015.11.012.Goya M., de la Calle M., Pratcorona L. et al. Cervical pessary to prevent preterm birth in women with twin gestation and sonographic short cervix: a multicenter randomized controlled trial (PECEP-Twins). Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2016;214(2):145–52. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2015.11.012.Saccone G., Maruotti G.M., Giudicepietro A., Martinelli P.; Italian Preterm Birth Prevention (IPP) Working Group. Effect of cervical pessary on spontaneous preterm birth in women with singleton pregnancies and short cervical length: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2017;318(23):2317–24. doi: 10.1001/jama.2017.18956.Saccone G., Maruotti G.M., Giudicepietro A., Martinelli P.; Italian Preterm Birth Prevention (IPP) Working Group. Effect of cervical pessary on spontaneous preterm birth in women with singleton pregnancies and short cervical length: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2017;318(23):2317–24. doi: 10.1001/jama.2017.18956.Barinov S.V., Shamina I.V., Di Renzo G.K. et al. The role of cervical pessary and progesterone therapy in the phenomenon of placenta previa migration. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2020;33(6):913–9. doi: 10.1080/14767058.2018.1509068.Barinov S.V., Shamina I.V., Di Renzo G.K. et al. The role of cervical pessary and progesterone therapy in the phenomenon of placenta previa migration. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2020;33(6):913–9. doi: 10.1080/14767058.2018.1509068.Nicolaides K.H., Syngelaki A., Poon L.C. et al. A randomized trial of a cervical pessary to prevent preterm singleton birth. N Engl J Med. 2016;374(11):1044–52. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1511014.Nicolaides K.H., Syngelaki A., Poon L.C. et al. A randomized trial of a cervical pessary to prevent preterm singleton birth. N Engl J Med. 2016;374(11):1044–52. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1511014.Karbasian N., Sheikh M., Pirjani R. et al. Combined treatment with cervical pessary and vaginal progesterone for the prevention of preterm birth: A randomized clinical trial. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2016;42(12):1673–79. doi: 10.1111/jog.13138.Karbasian N., Sheikh M., Pirjani R. et al. Combined treatment with cervical pessary and vaginal progesterone for the prevention of preterm birth: A randomized clinical trial. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2016;42(12):1673–79. doi: 10.1111/jog.13138.ARABIN® Cerclage Pessar perforiert. Режим доступа: https://dr-arabin.de/produkt/arabin-cerclage-pessar-perforiert. [Дата обращения: 30. 01. 2024].ARABIN® Cerclage Pessar perforiert. Available at: https://dr-arabin.de/produkt/arabin-cerclage-pessar-perforiert. [Accessed: 30. 01. 2024].Shennan A., Chandiramani M., Bennett P. et al. MAVRIC: a multicenter randomized controlled trial of transabdominal vs transvaginal cervical cerclage. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2020;222(3):261.e1– 261.e9. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2019.09.040.Shennan A., Chandiramani M., Bennett P. et al. MAVRIC: a multicenter randomized controlled trial of transabdominal vs transvaginal cervical cerclage. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2020;222(3):261.e1– 261.e9. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2019.09.040.Ishioka S., Kim M., Mizugaki Y. et al. Transabdominal cerclage (TAC) for patients with ultra-short uterine cervix after uterine cervix surgery and its impact on pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2018;44(1):61–6. doi: 10.1111/jog.13487.Ishioka S., Kim M., Mizugaki Y. et al. Transabdominal cerclage (TAC) for patients with ultra-short uterine cervix after uterine cervix surgery and its impact on pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2018;44(1):61–6. doi: 10.1111/jog.13487.Brown R., Gagnon R., Delisle M.-F.; MATERNAL FETAL MEDICINE COMMITTEE. Cervical insufficiency and cervical cerclage. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2013;35(12):1115–27. doi: 10.1016/S1701-2163(15)30764-7.Brown R., Gagnon R., Delisle M.-F.; MATERNAL FETAL MEDICINE COMMITTEE. Cervical insufficiency and cervical cerclage. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2013;35(12):1115–27. doi: 10.1016/S1701-2163(15)30764-7.Alfirevic Z., Stampalija T., Medley N. Cervical stitch (cerclage) for preventing preterm birth in singleton pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;6(6):CD008991. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008991.pub3.Alfirevic Z., Stampalija T., Medley N. Cervical stitch (cerclage) for preventing preterm birth in singleton pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;6(6):CD008991. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008991.pub3.Ehsanipoor R.M., Seligman N.S., Saccone G. et al. Physical examination-indicated cerclage : a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol. 2015;126(1):125–35. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000000850.Ehsanipoor R.M., Seligman N.S., Saccone G. et al. Physical examination-indicated cerclage : a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol. 2015;126(1):125–35. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000000850.Ades A., Parghi S., Aref-Adib M. Laparoscopic transabdominal cerclage: outcomes of 121 pregnancies. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2018;58(6):606–11. doi: 10.1111/ajo.12774.Ades A., Parghi S., Aref-Adib M. Laparoscopic transabdominal cerclage: outcomes of 121 pregnancies. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2018;58(6):606–11. doi: 10.1111/ajo.12774.Ades A., Aref-Adib M., Parghi S., Hong P. Laparoscopic transabdominal cerclage in pregnancy: a single centre experience. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2019;59(3):351–5. doi: 10.1111/ajo.12848.Ades A., Aref-Adib M., Parghi S., Hong P. Laparoscopic transabdominal cerclage in pregnancy: a single centre experience. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2019;59(3):351–5. doi: 10.1111/ajo.12848.Курцер М.А., Азиев О.В., Панин А.В. и др. Лапароскопический серкляж при истмико-цервикальной недостаточности, вызванной ранее перенесенными операциями на шейке матки. Акушерство и гинекология. 2017;(5):58–62. doi: 10.18565/aig.2017.5.58-62.Kurtser M.A., Aziev O.V., Panin A.V. et al. Laparoscopic cerclage for isthmico-cervical insufficiency caused by previous surgery on the cervix. [Laparoskopicheskij serklyazh pri istmiko-cervikal'noj nedostatochnosti, vyzvannoj ranee perenesennymi operaciyami na shejke matki]. Akusherstvo i ginekologiya. 2017;(5):58–62. (In Russ.). doi: 10.18565/aig.2017.5.58-62.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.