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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">akusherstvo</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproduction</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Акушерство, Гинекология и Репродукция</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2313-7347</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2500-3194</issn><publisher><publisher-name>IRBIS LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17749/2313-7347/ob.gyn.rep.2023.433</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">akusherstvo-1744</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEW ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>НАУЧНЫЕ ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>An updated view on the role of the female reproductive tract microbiome in IVF outcomes</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Современный взгляд на роль микробиома женского репродуктивного тракта в исходах ЭКО</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1883-4308</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Турсунова</surname><given-names>Н. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tursunova</surname><given-names>N. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Турсунова Нафиса Баходуровна – студент 6-го курса</p><p>308015 Белгород, ул. Победы, д. 85</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nafisa B.Tursunova – 6th-year Student</p><p>85 Pobedy Str., Belgorod 308015</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7188-6780</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лебедева</surname><given-names>О. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lebedeva</surname><given-names>O. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Лебедева Ольга Петровна – д.м.н., доцент, профессор кафедры акушерства и гинекологии ФГАОУ ВО «Белгородский государственный национальный исследовательский университет»; ведущий научный сотрудник лаборатории метагеномики и пищевых биотехнологий ФГБОУ ВО «Воронежский государственный университет инженерных технологий»</p><p>Scopus Author ID: 55655876400Researcher ID: E-59692015</p><p>308015 Белгород, ул. Победы, д. 85394036 Воронеж, проспект Революции, д. 19</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Olga P. Lebedeva – MD, Dr Med Sci, Associate Professor, Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Belgorod National Research University; Leading Researcher, Laboratory of Metagenomics and Food Biotechnology, Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies</p><p>Scopus Author ID: 55655876400Researcher ID: E-5969-2015</p><p>85 Pobedy Str., Belgorod 30801519 Prospect Revolutsii, Voronezh 394036</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">lebedeva@bsu.edu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4674-8797</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Алтухова</surname><given-names>О. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Altukhova</surname><given-names>O. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Алтухова Оксана Борисовна – д.м.н., доцент, зав. кафедрой акушерства и гинекологии, ФГАОУ ВО «Белгородский государственный национальный исследовательский университет»; зав. отделением гинекологии ОГБУЗ «Белгородская областная клиническая больница Святителя Иоасафа»</p><p>Scopus Author ID: 57216900558</p><p>308015 Белгород, ул. Победы, д. 85308000 Белгород, ул. Некрасова, д. 8/9</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Oxana B. Altukhova – MD, Dr Med Sci, Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Belgorod National Research University; Head of Gynecological Department, Belgorod Regional Clinical Hospital of St. Joasaph</p><p>Scopus Author ID: 57216900558</p><p>85 Pobedy Str., Belgorod 3080158/9 Nekrasova Str., Belgorod 308000</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8573-5916</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Нагорный</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nagorny</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Нагорный Андрей Владимирович – к.м.н., начальник аккредитационно-симуляционного центра, доцент кафедры акушерства и гинекологии ФГАОУ ВО «Белгородский государственный национальный исследовательский университет»; врач акушер-гинеколог отделения гинекологии ОГБУЗ «Белгородская областная клиническая больница Святителя Иоасафа»</p><p>308015 Белгород, ул. Победы, д. 85308000 Белгород, ул. Некрасова, д. 8/9</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Andrey V. Nagorny – MD, PhD, Head of the Accreditation and Simulation Center, Associate Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Belgorod National Research University; Obstetrician-Gynecologist, Department of Gynecology, Belgorod Regional Clinical Hospital of St. Joasaph</p><p>85 Pobedy Str., Belgorod 3080158/9 Nekrasova Str., Belgorod 308000</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГАОУ ВО «Белгородский государственный национальный исследовательский университет»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Belgorod National Research University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГАОУ ВО «Белгородский государственный национальный исследовательский университет»; ФГБОУ ВО «Воронежский государственный университет инженерных технологий»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Belgorod National Research University; Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГАОУ ВО «Белгородский государственный национальный исследовательский университет»; ОГБУЗ «Белгородская областная клиническая больница Святителя Иоасафа»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Belgorod National Research University; Belgorod Regional Clinical Hospital of St. Joasaph</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>17</day><month>08</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>17</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>512</fpage><lpage>525</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Tursunova N.B., Lebedeva O.P., Altukhova O.B., Nagorny A.V., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Турсунова Н.Б., Лебедева О.П., Алтухова О.Б., Нагорный А.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Tursunova N.B., Lebedeva O.P., Altukhova O.B., Nagorny A.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.gynecology.su/jour/article/view/1744">https://www.gynecology.su/jour/article/view/1744</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. In the last decade, a high-throughput 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequencing allowed to markedly extend insights into female reproductive tract microbiome. However, evidence about its role on in vitro fertilization (IVF) outcomes remains scarce and controversial.</p></sec><sec><title>Aim</title><p>Aim: to analyze literature data for assessing an impact of the vaginal, uterine, and ovarian microbiome on IVF outcomes.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and Methods</title><p>Materials and Methods. The review was carried out based on publications from available in PubMed/MEDLINE, EBSCO, ResearchGate, Google Academy and еLibrary databases released over the last 20 years. For this, there was search for keywords and their combinations in Russian- and English-written publications: «vaginal microbiome», «cervical microbiome», «uterine microbiome», «ovarian microbiome», «microbiome of ovarian follicles», «IVF», «miscarriage», «early pregnancy loss», «implantation failure», «ovarian failure», «inflammasome». Only full-text original articles and reviews published in peer-reviewed journals were included in the review. Exclusion criteria were as follows: studies containing less than 10 observations per group, abstracts of conferences, studies on the male reproductive tract microbiome. Duplicate publicationswere excluded. The publications were selected independently by two co-authors, and in case of discrepancy two other co-authors were involved.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Vaginal, uterine, and ovarian microbiomes were characterized by providing relevant classifications and the features related to implantation failures and pregnancy loss after IVF. It was found that a decline in total Lactobacillus level and elevated proportion of L. jensenii, G. vaginalis, and Proteobacteria in the vaginal microbiome were predictors of implantation failure. In addition, IVF failure was also associated with the presence of Atopobium, Bifidobacterium, Chryseobacterium, Gardnerella, Streptococcus, Haemophilus, Staphylococcus, Brevundimonas, and Ralstonia in the uterine cavity as well as Bifidobacterium, Gardnerella, and Klebsiella in the endometrial tissue. On the other hand, Lactobacillus dominance in the uterine microbiome has a favorable effect. The colonization of the follicle by any microorganisms as well as the presence of follicular fluid anaerobic bacteria-derived metabolite trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) associated with bacterial vaginosis additionally alters IVF outcomes. Moreover, the role of infectious cues in lowered ovarian reserve has also been established. Activation of the NLRP3 (NLR Family Pyrin Domain Containing 3) inflammasome by microbe-derived ligands stimulates production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and contributes to reduced follicle number. Blocking NLRP3 in mouse experiments can delay depletion of the follicle pool and result in elevated fertility.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. Favorable IVF outcomes are associated with Lactobacillus predominance in the vaginal and endometrial microbiome as well as lack of follicular fluid microorganisms. TMAO detected in the follicular fluid as well as activated NLRP3 inflammasome serve as negative predictors of IVF outcomes.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. В последнее десятилетие знания о микробиоме женского репродуктивного тракта были существенно расширены благодаря высокопроизводительному секвенированию 16S рибосомальной РНК (рРНК). Однако сведения о роли микробиома в исходах экстракорпорального оплодотворения (ЭКО) являются немногочисленными и противоречивыми. </p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель: проанализировать литературные данные для оценки влияния микробиома влагалища, матки и яичников на результаты ЭКО.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Обзор выполнен на основании публикаций в базах данных PubМed/MEDLINE, EBSCO, ResearchGate, Google Academy и еLibrary за последние 20 лет. Поиск проводили по ключевым словам и словосочетаниям на русском и английском языках: «микробиом влагалища», «микробиом цервикального канала», «микробиом матки», «микробиом яичников», «микробиом фолликулов», «ЭКО», «невынашивание», «выкидыш», «неудачи имплантации», «снижение овариального резерва», «инфламмасома», «vaginal microbiome», «cervical microbiome», «uterine microbiome», «ovarian microbiome», «microbiome of ovarian follicles», «IVF», «miscarriage», «early pregnancy loss», «implantation failure», «ovarian failure», «inflammasome». В обзор были включены только полнотекстовые оригинальные статьи и обзоры, опубликованные в рецензируемых журналах. Критериями исключения были: исследования с количеством менее 10 наблюдений в каждой группе, тезисы конференций, исследования микробиома мужского репродуктивного тракта. Дублирующиеся публикации были исключены. Отбор проводился независимо двумя соавторами, в случае несовпадения оценок привлекались два других соавтора.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Даны характеристики микробиомов влагалища, матки и яичников, представлена их классификация, описаны особенности микробиомов при неудачах имплантации и невынашивании беременности после ЭКО. Установлено, что снижение общего количества лактобактерий и увеличение доли L. jensenii, G. vaginalis и Proteobacteria во влагалищном микробиоме являются предикторами неудач имплантации. Также неудачи ЭКО ассоциированы с присутствием в просвете матки Atopobium, Bifidobacterium, Chryseobacterium, Gardnerella, Streptococcus, Haemophilus, Staphylococcus, Brevundimonas и Ralstonia, а в ткани эндометрия – Bifidobacterium, Gardnerella и Klebsiella. Доминирование лактобактерий в микробиоме матки, напротив, оказывает благоприятный эффект. Колонизация фолликула любыми микроорганизмами, а также наличие в фолликулярной жидкости триметиламин-N-оксида (ТМАО), являющегося метаболитом анаэробных бактерий, ассоциированных с бактериальным вагинозом, также ухудшает результаты ЭКО.</p><p>Кроме этого, установлена роль инфекционного фактора в снижении овариального резерва. Активация инфламмасомы NLRP3 (англ. NLR Family Pyrin Domain Containing 3) лигандами микроорганизмов стимулирует синтез провоспалительных цитокинов и способствует снижению количества фолликулов. Блокировка NLRP3 в экспериментах на мышах может отсрочить истощение пула фолликулов и привести к увеличению фертильности.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Благоприятные исходы ЭКО ассоциированы с преобладанием лактобактерий в микробиоме влагалища и эндометрия, а также с отсутствием микроорганизмов в фолликулярной жидкости. Наличие ТМАО в фолликулярной жидкости, а также активация инфламмасомы NLRP3 являются отрицательными предикторами исходов ЭКО. </p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>микробиом влагалища</kwd><kwd>микробиом цервикального канала</kwd><kwd>микробиом матки</kwd><kwd>микробиом яичников</kwd><kwd>микробиом фолликулов</kwd><kwd>экстракорпоральное оплодотворение</kwd><kwd>ЭКО</kwd><kwd>невынашивание</kwd><kwd>выкидыш</kwd><kwd>неудачи имплантации</kwd><kwd>снижение овариального резерва</kwd><kwd>инфламмасома NLRP3</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>vaginal microbiome</kwd><kwd>cervical microbiome</kwd><kwd>uterine microbiome</kwd><kwd>ovarian microbiome</kwd><kwd>microbiome of ovarian follicles</kwd><kwd>in vitro fertilization</kwd><kwd>IVF</kwd><kwd>miscarriage</kwd><kwd>early pregnancy loss</kwd><kwd>implantation failure</kwd><kwd>ovarian failure</kwd><kwd>NLRP3 inflammasome</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Авторы заявляют об отсутствии финансовой поддержки.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The authors declare no funding.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мороцкая А.В. 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