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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">akusherstvo</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproduction</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Акушерство, Гинекология и Репродукция</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2313-7347</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2500-3194</issn><publisher><publisher-name>IRBIS LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17749/2313-7347/ob.gyn.rep.2022.279</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">akusherstvo-1360</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEW ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>НАУЧНЫЕ ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Maternal mortality in modern world</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Материнская смертность в современном мире</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2116-4675</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Барановская</surname><given-names>Е. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Baranovskaya</surname><given-names>E. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Барановская Елена Игоревна – д.м.н., профессор кафедры акушерства и гинекологии</p><p>220116 Минск, проспект Дзержинского, д. 83</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elena I. Baranovskaya – MD, Sci Med, Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology</p><p>83 Dzerzhinsky Avenue, Minsk 220116</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">elena_baranovska@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Белорусский государственный медицинский университет</institution><country>Беларусь</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Belarusian State Medical University</institution><country>Belarus</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>12</day><month>07</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>16</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>296</fpage><lpage>305</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Baranovskaya E.I., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Барановская Е.И.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Baranovskaya E.I.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.gynecology.su/jour/article/view/1360">https://www.gynecology.su/jour/article/view/1360</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Aim</title><p>Aim: to analyze the causes and level of global maternal mortality (MM) according to the data published within the last 7 years.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and Methods</title><p>Materials and Methods. Search for publications in the PubMed/MEDLINE database was conducted according to the criteria: metaanalysis, free full-text, English, 2015–2021 period. The PICO principle (Patient/Problem, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome) and the keywords "maternal mortality causes", "maternal death causes", "maternal outcomes" were used. The search was finished on October 13, 2021 after retrieving 137 results.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The rate of MM and cause pattern has been changing during COVID-19 pandemic. The first weeks of the COVID-19 lockdown showed that in-hospital mortality among pregnant women increased from 0.13 up to 0.20 % (p = 0.01) and in MM the proportion of respiratory diseases elevated up to 32 % versus 5.6%. Certain geographic regions of the world showed that MM due to COVID-19 reached extremely high values extending 3399 per 100,000 live births as well as increased general MM rate. Heart and vascular diseases (pericarditis, myocardial infarction, thromboembolism) have a significant position among the causes of MM. The rate of MM due to cardiovascular disease was inversely related to the population income level. Cardiomyopathy is the cause of death in 4 % (95 % confidence interval (95 % CI) = 2–7) of mothers in developed countries and 14 % (95 % CI = 10–18) in developing countries. The mortality rate 6 weeks after delivery among women with pregnancy-related myocardial infarction was 5.03 % (95 % Cl = 3,78–6,27), whereas it associated with thromboembolism among women with a mechanical heart valve was related to the agent used to prevent thrombosis, ranging from 0.9 (95 % CI = 0.1–1.6) for vitamin K antagonists up to 3.4 (95 % CI = 0–7.7) for unfractionated heparin per 100 pregnancies with a mechanical heart valve. After 2000, the proportion of anesthesia among immediate MМ causes decreased from 3.5 % (95 % CI = 2.9–4.3) down to 2.4 % (95 % CI = 1.9–2.9) in low- and middleincome countries. High MM odds due to maladjusted pregnancy are still observed: OR (odds ratio) = 17 (95 % CI = 9.6–28.8) for hypertension, OR = 3.70 (95 % CI = 1.72–7.99) for HELLP syndrome with acute kidney injury. Severe obstetric complications cause MM in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia: bleeding (OR = 28.8; 95 % CI = 20.3–40.7), preeclampsia or eclampsia (OR = 9.13; 95 % CI = 6.10–13.7), maternal infections in antenatal period (OR = 2.80; 95 % CI = 1.63–4.80). About 67 % of pregnant women in such countries obtain no antenatal care (OR = 2.80; 95% CI = 1.63–4.80), predominantly giving birth at home in sub-Saharan Africa. In Ethiopia, ММ results from obstructed home delivery resulting in maternal death in 17.27 %, where uterine rupture is cause of death in 7.75 % of women.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The COVID-19 pandemic contributed a lot to MM. Diseases of the cardiovascular system markedly elevate the MM risk and long-term mortality after delivery. For countries with traditionally home births in the absence of medical care, a high MM remains due to complicated and protracted labor complicated by uterine rupture.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель: провести анализ причин и уровня материнской смертности (МС) в мире по данным, опубликованным за последние 7 лет.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Проведен поиск публикаций в базе PubMed/MEDLINE по критериям: метаанализ, открытые полнотекстовые статьи, английский язык, период 2015–2021 гг. Использован принцип PICO (англ. Patient/Problem, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome) и ключевые слова «maternal mortality causes», «maternal death causes», «maternal outcomes». Поиск завершен 13 октября 2021 г., всего найдено 137 результатов.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. В условиях пандемии COVID-19 изменяется и коэффициент МС и структура причин. Первые недели локдауна показали увеличение госпитальной летальности беременных с 0,13 до 0,20 % (p = 0,01), а в структуре МС значительно возросла доля респираторных заболеваний до 32 % против 5,6 %. В отдельных регионах МС от COVID-19 достигала экстравысоких значений свыше 3399 на 100 тыс. живорождений и привела к увеличению коэффициента МС. Значимое место среди причин МС занимают болезни сердца и сосудов – перикардит, инфаркт миокарда, тромбоэмболия. Уровень МС от болезней сердца обратно связан с уровнем дохода населения. Кардиомиопатия является причиной смерти у 4 % (95 % доверительный интервал (95 % ДИ) = 2–7) матерей в развитых странах и у 14 % (95 % ДИ = 10–18) в развивающихся. Летальность спустя 6 нед после родов среди женщин, перенесших инфаркт миокарда, связанный с беременностью, составляет 5,03 % (95 % ДИ = 3,78–6,27). Летальность, связанная с тромбоэмболией, среди женщин с механическим клапаном сердца зависит от средства, использованного для профилактики тромбоза, и составляет от 0,9 (95 % ДИ = 0,1–1,6) для антагонистов витамина К до 3,4 (95 % ДИ = 0–7,7) для нефракционированного гепарина в пересчете на 100 беременных с механическим клапаном сердца. В странах с низким и средним уровнем дохода доля анестезии в структуре прямых причин МС после 2000 г. уменьшилась с 3,5 % (95 % ДИ = 2,9–4,3) до 2,4 % (95 % ДИ = 1,9–2,9). Сохраняется высокий шанс МС при нарушении адаптации к беременности: отношение шансов (ОШ) = 17 (95 % ДИ = 9,6–28,8) для гипертензии, ОШ = 3,70 (95 % ДИ = 1,72–7,99) для HELLP-синдрома с острым повреждением почек. Тяжелые акушерские осложнения – причина МС в странах Африки к югу от Сахары и Южной Азии: кровотечение (ОШ = 28,8; 95 % ДИ = 20,3– 40,7), преэклампсия или эклампсия (ОШ = 9,13; 95 % ДИ = 6,10–13,7), инфекции у матери в антенатальном периоде (ОШ = 2,80; 95 % ДИ = 1,63–4,80). Высокая смертность в этих странах связана с тем, что до 67 % беременных не получают дородовый медицинский уход, рожают преимущественно дома. В Эфиопии домашние затрудненные роды заканчиваются смертью матери в 17,27 %, разрыв матки становится причиной смерти 7,75 % женщин.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Пандемия COVID-19 внесла значимый вклад в МС. Болезни сердечно-сосудистой системы существенно повышают риск МС и летальности в отдаленные сроки после родов. Для стран с традиционно домашними родами при отсутствии медицинской помощи сохраняется высокая МС в связи с затрудненными и затяжными родами, осложненными разрывом матки.</p></sec><sec><title> </title><p> </p></sec><sec><title> </title><p> </p></sec><sec><title> </title><p> </p></sec><sec><title> </title><p> </p></sec><sec><title> </title><p> </p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>материнская смертность</kwd><kwd>МС</kwd><kwd>COVID-19</kwd><kwd>беременность</kwd><kwd>роды</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>maternal mortality</kwd><kwd>ММ</kwd><kwd>COVID-19</kwd><kwd>pregnancy</kwd><kwd>childbirth</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Trends in maternal mortality: 2000 to 2017. Estimates by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, World Bank Group and the United Nations Population Division. 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